14 Deep Brain Stimulation
14.1 Symptoms and Signs
Chronic headaches
Difficulty in movement
Memory or concentration deficiency
Depression or anxiety
Behavioral tics
Seizures
Memory deficiency
14.2 Surgical Pathology
Cranial benign/malignant movement disorder
Cranial benign/malignant psychiatric condition
Cranial benign/malignant trauma
14.3 Diagnostic Modalities
Physical examination
Neurological examination
PET scan of brain
CT scan of brain
MRI of brain
14.4 Differential Diagnosis
Movement disorders
Dystonia
Parkinson’s disease
Essential tremor
Psychiatric conditions (still under study)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Depression (major)
Addiction
Dementia
Schizophrenia
Huntington’s disease (still under study)
Multiple sclerosis (still under study)
Tourette syndrome (still under study)
Stroke recovery (still under study)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) (still under study)
14.5 Treatment Options
Acute pain control with medications and pain management
Therapy and rehabilitation
Physiatry
Occupational therapy
Physical therapy
Speech pathology
Neuropsychology
Rehabilitation nursing
Recreational therapy
If symptomatic and no improvement after nonoperative management:
Deep brain stimulation (implanting electrodes in brain to regulate abnormal impulses and brain activity)
Amount of stimulation controlled by pacemaker-like device under skin in upper chest (a subcutaneous wire connects this device to electrodes in brain)

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