Seizures

Temporary confusion

Staring spell

Loss of consciousness/awareness

Fear, anxiety, or deja vu

Cranial benign/malignant neurological disorder

Cranial benign/malignant trauma

Cranial benign/malignant developmental disorder

Physical examination

Neurological examination

Blood test

Electroencephalogram (EEG) of brain

High-density EEG of brain

PET scan of brain

CT scan of brain

MRI of brain

Functional MRI (fMRI) of brain

Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) of brain

Curry analysis

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) of brain

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of brain

Grid and strip electrode placement

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  Strips: 1 × 4 to 2 × 8 electrodes

  
  
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  Grids: 4 × 4 to 8 × 8 electrodes (16 to 64 contacts, respectively)

  
  
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  Contacts typically spaced 5 to 10 mm apart

Generalized seizure

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  Absence seizure (petit mal; brief loss of awareness)

  
  
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  Tonic seizure (muscle stiffening, falling)

  
  
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  Atonic seizure (loss of muscle control, collapse)

  
  
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  Clonic seizure (repeated jerking muscle movements)

  
  
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  Myoclonic seizure (sudden brief jerks of arms and legs)

  
  
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  Tonic-clonic seizure (grand mal; abrupt loss of consciousness, body stiffening and shaking, loss of bladder control, biting of tongue)

Focal seizure

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  Without loss of consciousness (alter emotions or change perception of environment, involuntary jerking of body part, spontaneous sensory tingling, dizziness, and flashing lights)

  
  
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  With impaired awareness (staring into space, performing repetitive movements like hand rubbing or walking in circles)

Antiepileptic medication

Therapy and rehabilitation

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  Physiatry

  
  
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  Occupational therapy

  
  
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  Physical therapy

  
  
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  Speech pathology

  
  
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  Neuropsychology

  
  
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  Rehabilitation nursing

  
  
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  Recreational therapy

  
  
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  Vagus nerve stimulation

  
  
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  Ketogenic diet

If symptomatic and no improvement after nonoperative management:

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  Epilepsy surgery

  
  
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  Deep brain stimulation (implanting electrodes in brain to regulate abnormal impulses and brain activity)

  
  
  
  
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    Amount of stimulation controlled by pacemaker-like device under skin in upper chest (a subcutaneous wire connects this device to electrodes in brain)