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Development of cerebral aneurysm and subsequent rupture
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Hemorrhage (intracerebral, subarachnoid, or subdural, depending on the location of the AVM)
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Hydrocephalus
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chronic mild headache, a sudden and severe headache, or a localized or general headache
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seizure
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vision disturbances
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muscle weakness or inability to move a limb or a side of the body
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lack of sensation in part of the body, or abnormal sensations, such as ringing and numbness
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mental status change (sleepy, stuporous, lethargic, confused, disoriented, or irritable)
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stiff neck
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impaired speech or sense of smell
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fainting, dizziness, and decreased level of consciousness
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facial paralysis, eyelid drooping, and tinnitus.
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Magnetic resonance imaging identifies irregular or globoid masses; however, hemorrhage may obscure findings.
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Cerebral arteriogram confirms the presence of AVMs and evaluates blood flow.
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Doppler ultrasonography reveals abnormal, turbulent blood flow.
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Computed tomography scan identifies intracerebral hemorrhage and large AVMs.

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about arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and its implications
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about prescribed medication administration, dosage, possible adverse effects, and when to notify the physician
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postoperative care of any incision
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activity recommendations
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signs and symptoms of complications, such as shunt infection or intracranial bleeding (sudden severe headache, vision changes, decreased movement in extremities, and change in level of consciousness)
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the importance of follow-up care
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the benefits of utilizing available community resources or support groups, especially if neurologic deficits have occurred.
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Monitor vital signs and titrate medications to control hypertension.
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Monitor neurologic status.
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Monitor for seizure activity and institute seizure precautions.
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Maintain a quiet atmosphere and provide relaxation techniques.
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Provide appropriate education to the parents (and patient if appropriate) before discharge. (See Teaching the patient with an AVM, page 189.)
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Prenatal conditions that may increase risk of CP: maternal infection (especially rubella), maternal drug ingestion, radiation, anoxia, toxemia, maternal diabetes, abnormal placental attachment, malnutrition, and isoimmunization.
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Perinatal and birth difficulties that may increase the risk of CP: forceps delivery, breech presentation, placenta previa, abruptio placentae, metabolic or electrolyte disturbances, abnormal maternal vital signs from general or spinal anesthetic, prolapsed cord with delay in delivery of head, premature birth, prolonged or unusually rapid labor, and multiple birth (especially infants born last in a multiple birth).
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Infection or trauma during infancy that may increase the risk of CP: poisoning, severe kernicterus resulting from erythroblastosis fetalis, brain infection, head trauma, prolonged anoxia, brain tumor, cerebral circulatory anomalies causing blood vessel rupture, and systemic disease resulting in cerebral thrombosis or embolus.
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Contracture
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Skin breakdown and ulcer formation
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Muscle atrophy
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Malnutrition
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Seizure disorders (in about 25% of patients)
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Speech, vision, and hearing problems
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Language and perceptual deficits
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Mental retardation (in up to 40% of patients)
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Dental problems
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Aspiration pneumonia
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excessive lethargy or irritability
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high-pitched cry
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poor head control
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weak sucking reflex
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smaller than normal head circumference
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abnormal postures
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abnormal reflexes
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abnormal muscle tone. (See Assessing signs of cerebral palsy.)
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underdevelopment of affected limbs
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characteristic scissors gait
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hyperactive deep tendon reflexes and increased stretch reflexes
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rapid alternating muscle contraction and relaxation
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muscle weakness
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muscle contraction in response to manipulation with a tendency toward contractures.
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involuntary movements, such as grimacing, wormlike writhing, dystonia, and sharp jerks that impair voluntary movement
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involuntary facial movements (affects speech).
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lack of leg movement during infancy
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wide gait
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disturbed balance
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incoordination (especially of the arms)
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hypoactive reflexes
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nystagmus
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muscle weakness and tremors
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lack of sudden or fine movements.
TYPE OF CP |
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS |
---|---|
Spastic CP (due to impairment of the pyramidal tract [most common type]) |
|
Athetoid CP (due to impairment of the extrapyramidal tract) |
|
Ataxic CP (due to impairment of the extrapyramidal tract) |
|
Mixed CP |
|
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retarded growth and development
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difficulty chewing and swallowing.
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Cranial ultrasound identifies structural abnormalities, hemorrhage and hypoxic-ischemic injury.
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Computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging may show congenital malformations, hemorrhage, and periventricular leukomalacia.
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EEG may identify the source of seizure activity.

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