Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Social Psychiatry
What is a cohort study?
A cohort study is a study that follows a group of subjects chosen from a well-defined population over an extended period. It is a form of prospective study.
Cohort study (also known as a follow-up study): A group of individuals (cohort) is defined on the basis of having or lacking exposure to a suspected risk factor for a disease, and is followed for an extended period.
What are Case-control study, Descriptive study, and Intervention study?
Case-control study: Subjects are selected on the basis of whether they do or do not have the particular disease being studied.
Descriptive studies (including correlation studies, case reports or case series, and cross-sectional surveys): Describe patterns of disease occurrence in relation to selected variables (e.g., person, place, and time).
Intervention study: The investigator controls the allocation of subjects to different comparison groups and regulates the experimental conditions for each group.
What research design is necessary to establish a causal inference for an observed effect?
A control group study.
Construct validity.
Construct validity is the ability of a test to measure what it is designed to assess.
Reliability is the repeatability of the findings of an assessment instrument.
What is the most important factor in deciding the validity of a worker’s compensation case?
A causal link between an occurrence at work and subsequent illness.
What do the sensitivity and specificity of a test measure?
Sensitivity measures the ability of a test to identify true-positive cases. Specificity measures the ability of a test to identify true-negative cases.
What is sensitivity?
The proportion of positive test results among the test group of individuals who actually have a particular condition.
Racial differences in pharmacokinetics.
Racial differences in pharmacokinetics are usually based on differences in liver enzymes.
For example, lithium is not metabolized in the liver, there are therefore few racial differences in its metabolism.
Regression analysis.
A procedure for predicting the value or behavior of one variable (the dependent variable) on the basis of the value or behavior of another variable (the independent variable). For example, one may predict a student’s performance in college (X) on the basis of the student’s score on a scholastic aptitude test (Y).
Y is a known value, and is the independent variable.
X is an unknown value but is somehow dependent upon Y, and is therefore the dependent variable.
In recent years, the suicide rate has increased in which population group?
Since 1960, suicide has increased dramatically among adolescents.
What is the best factor for predicting suicide?
The best factor for predicting suicide is the subject’s past suicidal behavior.
What is the “drift hypothesis?”
The drift hypothesis states that disabling conditions tend to cause downward social mobility. This hypothesis offered one of the explanations for the early finding that schizophrenia and other mental disorders were more prevalent among people of low socioeconomic status.
What factors have caused an increased need for geriatric long-term mental health care?
The increase in size of the geriatric population and the lack of family supports are two important factors in the increased need for geriatric long-term mental health care.
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