Following this first introductory chapter, Chap. 2 is an overview of classical psychological models of nonadherence. Chapter 3 introduces basic philosophical concepts, and presents a short account of the concept of “Intentionality ”. Chapter 4 provides an “intentionalist ” model of adherence. Chapter 5 presents a dynamic view of intentionality , by integrating in this model the concepts of motivational force , self-control , habit and resolution . Chapter 6 describes patient nonadherence as a case of weakness of will , or akrasia . Chapter 7 considers more specifically the temporal dimension of adherence and nonadherence in chronic diseases , focusing on the description of a principle of foresight , a concept introduced in this book: Nonadherence may be understood as a failure to give priority to the future . Chapter 8 outlines the consequences of this insight on the therapeutic alliance between doctor and patient and addresses ethical issues. Chapter 9 shows that doctors too may fail to consider the future interests of the patient: Thus, like patients’ nonadherence to medical recommendations, doctors’ clinical inertia could represent a case of clinical myopia . Chapter 10 generalizes the problem of adherence and proposes a relationship between the fact of taking care of oneself and self-love .