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Departments of Internal Medicine & Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Movement disorders refer to any disruption of voluntary movement including involuntary muscle activity, though often people use the term to refer to extrapyramidal syndromes caused by antipsychotics.
Movement disorders can be classified broadly as hyperkinetic and hypokinetic disorders based on the characteristics of the involuntary muscle activity.
Pathology
Movement disorders can result from any disruption of the interaction between the pyramidal tracts, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Most are caused by disorders of the basal ganglia.
Etiology
Different types of movement disorders with their nonpsychotropic etiologies are listed in the table. Bradykinesia seen in Parkinson disease is an example of a hypokinetic movement. Examples of hyperkinetic movements are tremors, tics, dystonias, akathisia, chorea, athetosis, hemiballismus, and myoclonus.
Types of movement disorders and etiologic conditions
Abnormal movement | Characteristic | Causes (nonpsychotropic) |
|---|---|---|
Tremor | Regular, rhythmic, oscillatory | Stress, caffeine, alcohol intoxication and withdrawal, medications (e.g., beta agonist inhalers), familial, Parkinson disease, cerebellar degeneration
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