Study

Sample

Design and follow-up period

Age at study

Age at onset

Age at surgery

Focus

Educational and vocational outcomes

Augustine et al. (1984) USA

32 temporal, frontal, or occipital-parietal resections

Cross-sectional, retrospective

3.9 years (1–10)

28.4 years (18–46)

11 years

NS

Employment status

(pre- to post-surgery)

FT Employment: increased from 14 to 23 patients

Underemployed: decreased from 8 to 0 patients

Unemployment: stable, 10 pre-surgery to 9 post-surgery patients

Lindsay et al. (1984) UK

32 temporal lobectomy

10 hemispherectomy

8 extratemporal resections

Prospective

7 (<2 years)

12 (2–5 years)

22 (5–10 years)

9 (>10 years)

NS

Right-sided: 7.5 years

Left-sided: 4.2 years

14 years (3–36)

Long-term psychosocial outcomes

Educational: for those studied in childhood, resolution of behavioral symptoms improved educational outcomes

Employment: all 9 adult patients were employed post-surgery

Meyer et al. (1986) USA

50 temporal lobectomy

Cross-sectional, retrospective

4 years (0.6-10)

NS

7.5 years (1–14)

15.8 years (7–18)

Social and behavioral development

Education/Employment: 85 % in school or employed

Mizrahi et al. (1990) USA

22 temporal lobectomy (8 children, 14 adults)

Cross-sectional, retrospective

5 years (2–8)

NS

6 years (2–10)

21 years (7–36)

Educational, vocational and living status

Employment: 64 % of adults, and 25 % of children

Education: 7 % of adults and 63 % of children in education at follow-up

Homemaker: 7 % of adults and 13 % of children

Unemployed: 21 % of adults

Guldvog et al. (1991) Norway

119 resective surgery

94 nonsurgical controls

Cross-sectional, retrospective

Surgery: Md: 16 years (IQR: 12–27)

Nonsurgery: Md: 17 years (IQR: 12–28)

NS

Surgery: Md: 10 years (IQR: 3–21)

Nonsurgery: Md: 8 years (IQR: 3–13)

Md: 23 years (IQR: 14–33)

Functioning in daily social life

Employment: of those who were employed before treatment, 58.1 % of surgery patients remained in regular work, compared to 39.6 % of nonsurgical controls; 3.8 % of surgical patients moved to supported work, compared to 13.2 % of nonsurgical controls; 38.8 % of surgical patients became unemployed, compared to 47.2 % of nonsurgical controls.

Working or educational situation was dependent on pretreatment status

Chovaz et al. (1994) Canada

42 ATL

Cross-sectional, retrospective

5 years (1–14)

NS

NS

31 years (17–60)

HRQOL, learned helplessness, psychosocial adjustment, driving and employment

FT Employment: increased from 36 to 54 %

Sperling et al. (1995) USA

86 ATL

Group 1: 35 SF

Group 2: 20 mixed (some SF years, some years with seizures)

Group 3: 18 persistent seizures

Cross-sectional, retrospective

Group 1: 4.8 years (SD = 1.6)

Group 2: 5.3 years (SD = 1.7)

Group 3: 5.0 years (SD = 1.1)

NS

NS

Group 1: 31.7 years (SD = 7.4)

Group 2: 35.4 years (SD = 7.9)

Group 3: 33.7 years (SD = 9.6)

Employment status

Unemployment: decreased from 25 to 11 %

Group differences: Group 1 demonstrated the highest rate of improvement and the highest rate of FT employment. Group 3 patients rarely improved, and often deteriorated (17 %).

Vickrey et al. (1995) USA

176 temporal lobe resection

22 extratemporal resection

46 nonsurgical controls

Prospective

Surgery: 5.8 years

Nonsurgery: 5.7 years

NS

Surgery: 11.9 years

Nonsurgery: 12.0 year

Age at evaluation: Surgery: 27.0 years

Nonsurgery: 26.0 years

Employment abd HRQOL

FT/PT Employment: following surgery 60.1 % of surgery patients versus 48.6 % of controls was employed.

Sperling et al. (1996) USA

89 ATL

Prospective

5 years

NS

13.1 years (SD = 9.2)

31.9 years (SD = 9.1) (10–60)

Employment status (pre-to post-surgery)

FT Employment: increased from 34 to 63 %

PT Employment: decreased from 18 to 11 %

Homemakers: stable, from 8 to 9 %

Students: decreased from 16 to 6 %

Unemployment: decreased from 24 to 11 %

Reeves et al. (1997) USA

134 ATL

Cross-sectional, retrospective

4.2 y (2.5–6.5 y)

NS

12 years

31 year

Activities of daily living, driving, change in work outcome and income.

FT/PT Employment: changed for 19 % of patients. Seven patients (all SF) made occupational gains, whereas 10 patients lost FT or PT work after surgery.

Students: of the 21 studying FT before surgery, 48 % were FT students after surgery, 43 % became employed FT, and 4.5 % were in a sheltered workshop.

Jones et al. (2002) USA

61 ATL

23 nonsurgical controls

Cross-sectional, retrospective Surgery: 5.8 years (2–9)

Nonsurgery: 5.7 years (2–9)

NS

Surgery: 11.5 years (SD = 10.3)

Nonsurgery: 15.1 years (SD = 12.4)

Surgery: 31.3 years (SD = 8.9)

Nonsurgery: 34.7 years (SD = 10.3)

Employment, driving, independent living and financial independence

FT Employment: higher in surgery group (69 %) than control group (39 %). Improvements generally the same across surgery and control groups (17 % and 15 %, respectively).

Unemployment: lower rates for surgery group (25 %) than for controls (52 %).This cohort was followed up at 12 and 17 years in Jones et al. (2013). FT Employment: At 12 year follow-up, 61 % of the surgery group and 33 % of the control group were employed FT At 17 year follow-up 43 % of the surgery group, and 22 % of the control group were employed FT.

Reid et al. (2004) UK

64 temporal lobectomy