Berchtold NC, Cribbs DH, Coleman PD, Rogers J, Head E, Kim R, Beach T, Miller C, Troncoso J, Trojanowski JQ (2008) Gene expression changes in the course of normal brain aging are sexually dimorphic. Proc Nat Acad Sci 105:15605–15610PubMedCentralPubMed

Berlin I, Said S, Spreux-Varoquaux O, Olivares R, Launay JM, Puech AJ (1995) Monoamine oxidase A and B activities in heavy smokers. Biol Psychiatry 38:756–761PubMed

Berridge KC, Robinson TE (2003) Parsing reward. Trends Neurosci 26:507–513

Besheer J, Palmatier MI, Metschke DM, Bevins, RA (2004) Nicotine as a signal for the presence or absence of sucrose reward: a Pavlovian drug appetitive conditioning preparation in rats. Psychopharmacology 172:108–117

Bevins RA (2009) Altering the motivational function of nicotine through conditioning processes. Nebr Symp Motiv 55:111–129PubMedCentralPubMed

Bouton ME (2011) Learning and the persistence of appetite: extinction and the motivation to eat and overeat. Physiol Behav 103:51–58PubMed

Brady KT, Randall CL (1999) Gender differences in substance use disorders. Psychiatr Clin North Am 22:241–252PubMed

Breslau N, Peterson EL (1996) Smoking cessation in young adults: age at initiation of cigarette smoking and other suspected influences. Am J Public Health 86:214–220PubMedCentralPubMed

Brielmaier JM, McDonald CG, Smith RF (2007) Immediate and long-term behavioral effects of a single nicotine injection in adolescent and adult rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 29:74–80PubMed

Brown Z, Amit Z, Rockman G (1979) Intraventricular self-administration of acetaldehyde, but not ethanol, in naive laboratory rats. Psychopharmacology 64:271–276PubMed

Busto U, Sellers EM (1986) Pharmacokinetic determinants of drug abuse and dependence. A conceptual perspective. Clin Pharmacokinet 11:144–153PubMed

Caggiula AR, Donny EC, White AR, Chaudhri N, Booth S, Gharib MA, Sved AF (2001) Cue dependency of nicotine self-administration and smoking. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 70:515–530PubMed

Caggiula AR, Donny EC, Chaudhri N, Perkins KA, Evans-Martin FF, Sved AF (2002a) Importance of nonpharmacological factors in nicotine self-administration. Physiol Behav 77:683–687PubMed

Caggiula AR, Donny EC, White AR, Chaudhri N, Booth S, Gharib MA, Sved AF (2002b) Environmental stimuli promote the acquisition of nicotine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 163:230–237PubMed

Caggiula AR, Donny EC, Palmatier MI, Liu X, Chaudhri N, Sved AF (2009) The role of nicotine in smoking: a dual-reinforcement model. Nebr Symp Motiv 55:91–109PubMedCentralPubMed

Caine SB, Collins GT, Thomsen M, Wright C, Lanier RK, Mello NK (2014) Nicotine-like behavioral effects of the minor tobacco alkaloids nornicotine, anabasine, and anatabine in male rodents. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 22:9–22PubMed

Carroll ME, Lynch WJ, Roth ME, Morgan AD, Cosgrove KP (2004) Sex and estrogen influence drug abuse. Trends Pharmacol Sci 25:273–279PubMed

CDC (2010) Cigarette use among high school students-United States, 1991–2009. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (MMWR) 59:797

CDC (2012) Current cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 2011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (MMWR) 61:889–894

Chambers RA, Taylor JR, Potenza MN (2003) Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: a critical period of addiction vulnerability. Am J Psychiatry 160:1041–1052PubMedCentralPubMed

Chaudhri N, Caggiula AR, Donny EC, Booth S, Gharib MA, Craven LA, Perkins KA (2005) Sex differences in the contribution of nicotine and nonpharmacological stimuli to nicotine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 180:258–266PubMed

Chaudhri N, Caggiula AR, Donny EC, Booth S, Gharib M, Craven L, Sved AF (2006a) Operant responding for conditioned and unconditioned reinforcers in rats is differentially enhanced by the primary reinforcing and reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine. Psychopharmacology 189:27–36PubMed

Chaudhri N, Caggiula AR, Donny EC, Palmatier MI, Liu X, Sved AF (2006b) Complex interactions between nicotine and nonpharmacological stimuli reveal multiple roles for nicotine in reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 184:353–366PubMed

Chaudhri N, Caggiula AR, Donny EC, Booth S, Gharib M, Craven L, Sved SF (2007) Self-administered and noncontingent nicotine enhance reinforced operant responding in rats: impact of nicotine dose and reinforcement schedule. Psychopharmacology 190:353–362PubMedCentralPubMed

Chen H, Matta SG, Sharp BM (2007) Acquisition of nicotine self-administration in adolescent rats given prolonged access to the drug. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:700–709PubMed

Cheskin LJ, Hess JM, Henningfield J, Gorelick DA (2005) Calorie restriction increases cigarette use in adult smokers. Psychopharmacology 179:430–436PubMed

Choi K, Fabian L, Mottey N, Corbett A, Forster J (2012) Young adults’ favorable perceptions of snus, dissolvable tobacco products, and electronic cigarettes: findings from a focus group study. Am J Public Health 102:2088–2093PubMedCentralPubMed

Clemens KJ, Caillé S, Stinus L, Cador M (2009) The addition of five minor tobacco alkaloids increases nicotine-induced hyperactivity, sensitization and intravenous self-administration in rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 12:1355–1366PubMed

Cohen A, Koob GF, George O (2012) Robust escalation of nicotine intake with extended access to nicotine self-administration and intermittent periods of abstinence. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:2153–2160

Cohen C, Perrault G, Griebel G, Soubrie P (2005) Nicotine-associated cues maintain nicotine-seeking behavior in rats several weeks after nicotine withdrawal: reversal by the cannabinoid (CB1) receptor antagonist, rimonabant (SR141716). Neuropsychopharmacology 30:145–155PubMed

Conklin CA, Tiffany S (2002a) Cue-exposure treatment: time for change. Addiction 97:1219–1221PubMed

Conklin CA, Tiffany ST (2002b) Applying extinction research and theory to cue-exposure addiction treatments. Addiction 97:155–167PubMed

Conklin CA, Perkins KA, Robin N, McClernon FG, Salkeld RP (2010) Bringing real world into the laboratory: person smoking and nonsmoking environments. Drug Alcohol Depend 111:58–63PubMedCentralPubMed

Correa M, Salamone JD, Segovia KN, Pardo M, Longoni R, Spina L, Peana AT, Vinci S, Acquas E (2012) Piecing together the puzzle of acetaldehyde as a neuroactive agent. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36:404–430PubMed

Corrigall WA (1999) Nicotine self-administration in animals as a dependence model. Nicotine Tob Res 1:11–20PubMed

Corrigall WA, Coen KM (1989) Nicotine maintains robust self-administration in rats on a limited-access schedule. Psychopharmacology 99:473–478PubMed

Costello MR, Reynaga DD, Mojica CY, Zaveri NT, Belluzzi JD, Leslie FM (2014) Comparison of the reinforcing properties of nicotine and cigarette smoke extract in rats. Neuropsychopharmacol 39:1843–1851

Crooks PA, Li M, Dwoskin LP (1997) Metabolites of nicotine in rat brain after peripheral nicotine administration cotinine, nornicotine, and norcotinine. Drug Metab Dispos 25:47–54PubMed

Dawkins LPJ, West R, Powell J, Pickering A (2007) A double-blind placebo-controlled experimental study of nicotine: II–Effects on response inhibition and executive functioning. Psychopharmacology 190:457–467PubMed

Deng XS, Deitrich RA (2008) Putative role of brain acetaldehyde in ethanol addiction. Current drug abuse reviews 1:3–8PubMedCentralPubMed

DeNoble VJ, Mele PC (1983) Behavioral pharmacology annual report. Philip Morris Tobacco Resolution. Bates no. 20605661. Available at http://​www.​pmdocs.​com/​getallimg.​asp%3Fif%BCavpidx

Donny EC, Jones M (2009) Prolonged exposure to denicotinized cigarettes with or without transdermal nicotine. Drug Alcohol Depend 104:23–33PubMedCentralPubMed

Donny EC, Caggiula AR, Knopf S, Brown C (1995) Nicotine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 122:390–394PubMed

Donny EC, Caggiula AR, Mielke MM, Jacobs KS, Rose C, Sved AF (1998) Acquisition of nicotine self-administration in rats: the effects of dose, feeding schedule, and drug contingency. Psychopharmacology 136:83–90PubMed

Donny EC, Caggiula AR, Mielke MM, Booth S, Gharib MA, Hoffman A, McCallum SE (1999) Nicotine self-administration in rats on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 147:135–142PubMed

Donny EC, Caggiula AR, Rowell PP, Gharib MA, Maldovan V, Booth S, McCallum S (2000) Nicotine self-administration in rats: estrous cycle effects, sex differences and nicotinic receptor binding. Psychopharmacology 151:392–405PubMed

Donny EC, Chaudhri N, Caggiula AR, Evans-Martin FF, Booth S, Gharib MA, Sved AF (2003) Operant responding for a visual reinforcer in rats is enhanced by noncontingent nicotine: implications for nicotine self-administration and reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 169:68–76PubMed

Donny EC, Houtsmuller E, Stitzer ML (2007) Smoking in the absence of nicotine: behavioral, subjective and physiological effects over 11 days. Addiction 102:324–334PubMed

Donny EC, Caggiula AR, Weaver MT, Levin ME, Sved AF (2011) The reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine: implications for the relationship between smoking, eating and weight. Physiol Behav 104:143–148PubMedCentralPubMed

Duffy PH, Feuers R, Hart RW (1990) Effect of chronic caloric restriction on the circadian regulation of physiological and behavioral variables in old male B6C3F1 mice. Chronobiol Int 7:291–303PubMed

Farre M, Cami J (1991) Pharmacokinetic considerations in abuse liability evaluation. Br J Addict 86:1601–1606PubMed

Feltenstein MW, Ghee SM, See RE (2012) Nicotine self-administration and reinstatement of nicotine-seeking in male and female rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 121:240–246PubMedCentralPubMed

Flagel SB, Watson SJ, Akil H, Robinson TE (2008) Individual differences in the attribution of incentive salience to a reward-related cue: influence on cocaine sensitization. Behav Brain Res 186:48–56PubMedCentralPubMed

Fowler CD, Kenny PJ (2011) Intravenous nicotine self-administration and cue-induced reinstatement in mice: effects of nicotine dose, rate of drug infusion and prior instrumental training. Neuropharmacology 61:687–698PubMedCentralPubMed

Fowler HARRY (1971) Implications of sensory reinforcement. The nature of reinforcement, Academic Press, New York, 151–195

Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang G-J, Pappas N, Logan J, Shea C, Alexoff D, MacGregor RR, Schlyer DJ, Zezulkova I (1996a) Brain monoamine oxidase a inhibition in cigarette smokers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:14065–14069PubMedCentralPubMed

Fowler J, Volkow N, Wang G-J, Pappas N, Logan J, MacGregor R, Alexoff D, Shea C, Schlyer D, Wolf A (1996b) Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in the brains of smokers. Nature 379:733–736PubMed

Goldberg SR, Spealman RD, Risner ME, Henningfield JE (1983) Control of behavior by intravenous nicotine injections in laboratory animals. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 19:1011–1020PubMed

Grebenstein P, Burroughs D, Zhang Y, LeSage MG (2013) Sex differences in nicotine self-administration in rats during progressive unit dose reduction: implications for nicotine regulation policy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 114–115:70–81PubMed