1.B. For questions 1-4 see CNBR pp. 36–36, 54, 66, 72.

2.D.

3.B.

4.A.

5.B. Carp p. 175.

6.B. For questions 6–9 see Carp pp. 175, 203, 425. The center for horizontal gaze

7.C. (the abducens nucleus) and the center for vertical gaze (the rostral interstitial

8.A. nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus [RiMLF]) are joined physiologically

9.A. by the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF), which lies rostral to the abducens nucleus. Stimulation of the caudal and rostral PPRF produces conjugate horizontal eye deviation and vertical eye movements, respectively. Fibers from the caudal PPRF project to the ipsilateral abducens nucleus, and fibers from the rostral PPRF project uncrossed fibers to the RiMLF, which in turn projects to the ipsilateral oculomotor nuclear complex. Lesions of the caudal PPRF may cause paralysis of horizontal eye movements, whereas lesions of the rostral PPRF can cause paralysis of vertical eye movements. Extensive lesions may affect both types of eye movements. Stimulation of the frontal eye field, located in the caudal part of the middle frontal gyrus, usually results in conjugate deviation of the eyes to the opposite side. Stimulation of the superior colliculus results in contralateral conjugate deviation of the eyes.

10.E. Carp p. 426.

11.A. Carp p. 2.

12.A. Carp p. 104.

14.D. Y p. 3928. The sensory branch to the dorsum of the hand leaves the ulnar nerve in the forearm and is never involved in ulnar nerve entrapment at the wrist. The superficial head of the abductor pollicis brevis is innervated by the median nerve.

15.A. Carp pp. 446–449. Middle cerebral artery branches typically do not supply the thalamus.

16.D. Carp p. 446.

17.D. For questions 17–21 see CNBR pp. 29, 35–36, 38, 64, 131, 157.

18.C.

19.A.

20.E.

21.B.

22.B. Carp pp. 239–240. The bulk of the fiber20s from the dentate nucleus pass around the red nucleus and project to the thalamus, whereas the bulk of fibers from the interposed nuclei project to the caudal two thirds of the red nucleus. In the thalamic nuclei, the head is represented medially and the caudal parts of the body laterally.

23.A. Carp pp. 262, 265. The pulvinar projects to the occipital cortex (areas 17, 18, and 19), the inferior parietal lobule (areas 39 and 40), and the superior temporal gyrus.

24.C. Carp. pp. 373–374. The columns of the fornix lie posterior to the anterior commissure.

25.B. Carp. p. 302. The efferent projections of the arcuate nucleus have been traced to the external layer of the median eminence. Chemical substances from the arcuate nucleus (including dopamine) play a major role in the regulation of hormonal output from the anterior pituitary.

26.C. Carp. p. 413. The blind spot of the retina and the monocular temporal crescent, both receiving only monocular visual input, do not contain ocular dominance columns.

27.C. Carp pp. 423–424. Motor tasks performed with either the ipsilateral or the contralateral limbs can elicit movement-related activity in this area. The other responses are correct.

28.D. Carp pp. 75–76.

29.D. HndbkNS p. 524. The pronator quadratus and flexor pollicis longus are innervated by the anterior interosseous (a purely motor branch of the median nerve). The opponens pollicis is innervated by the median nerve.

31.H.

32.E.

33.D.

34.G.

35.I.

36.F.

37.C.

38.B.

39.A.

40.A.

41.A. For questions 41–43 see Carp p. 312. Axons of the tuberoinfundibular tract

42.D. project to the median eminence near the sinusoids of the hypophysial portal

43.B. system.

44.D. For questions 44–49 see CNBR pp. 29, 34, 39.

45.A.

46.B.

47.C.

48.E.

49.F.

50.E. Carp p. 127, Fig 5.12. The superior vestibular nucleus is found at the level of the pons.

51.E. Carp p. 378, Fig 12.14. The thalamic fasciculus contains pallidothalamic fibers and ascending fibers from the contralateral deep cerebellar nuclei. It is not a component of the limbic system.

52.C. Carp pp. 404–405.

53.B. Carp p. 173, Fig 6.19. Fibers innervating the lacrimal gland arise from postganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion, which is linked to the geniculate ganglion via the major superficial petrosal nerve. A lesion distal to the geniculate ganglion would not impair lacrimation.

54.B. K&S p. 968.

55.A. Carp pp. 18, 370. The indusium griseum (or supracallosal gyrus) is a vestigial convolution of the dentate gyrus. The other circumventricular organs are the area postrema and the neurohypophysis.

56.C. Carp p. 274.

57.A. Carp p. 17.

59.C. posterior section of the corpus callosum connecting the temporal and occipital

60.A. lobes.

61.B.

62.C. For questions 62–67 see Carp p. 299.

63.D.

64.A.

65.B.

66.C.

67.A.

68.C. Carp pp. 144–146. Pseudobulbar palsy (characterized by weakness of the muscles involved in chewing, swallowing, breathing, and speaking, with loss of emotional control) results from bilateral lesions of the corticobulbar fibers.

69.B. AEPNS p. 35, Fig 54.

70.C. AEPNS p. 39. The gluteus maximus is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve. A portion of the adductor magnus is also innervated by the obturator nerve.

71.B. Carp pp. 148, 453. Ipsilateral, not contralateral, loss of pain and temperature in the face occurs in the syndrome of posteroinferior cerebellar artery (PICA) occlusion.

72.B. For questions 72–77 see Carp pp. 281–283.

73.C.

74.A.

75.C.

76.A.

77.C.

78.H. For questions 78–85 see CNBR pp. 49–50, 51, 53–55, 57, 83, 110. The gasserian

79.G. ganglion is also known as the semilunar or trigeminal ganglion. The

80.F. sphenopalatine ganglion is also known as the pterygopalatine ganglion.

81.A. Scarpa’s ganglion includes the superior and inferior vestibular ganglia.

82.B.

83.C.

84.E.

85.D.

86.A. Carp pp. 207–208. The lateral geniculate body is not involved in the pupillary light reflex.

87.B. Carp pp. 11–12; Figs. 1.9, 1.10.

88.A. HndbkNS p. 524. The adductor pollicis is innervated by the ulnar nerve.

89.A. Carp pp. 366, 378, Fig. 12.14.

91.E. Carp pp. 284–285.

92.A. Carp pp. 332–337.

93.A. Carp p. 378.

94.C. For questions 94–96 see CNBR pp. 54, 110.

95.B.

96.A.

97.D. For questions 97–103 see Carp pp. 317–321.

98.C.

99.A.

100.C.

101.C.

102.B.

103.A.

104.D. For questions 104–107 see CNBR pp. 56–57. The inferior ganglion of cranial

105.B. nerve (CN) X is called the nodose ganglion and receives taste and other

106.C. visceral information. The superior ganglion of CN X is called the jugular

107.A. ganglion. The inferior ganglion of CN IX is called the petrosal ganglion and receives input from the carotid sinus and body as well as from taste receptors in the posterior one third of the tongue. Both superior ganglia are involved with somatic sensation.

108.D. Carp p. 325. The globus pallidus is derived from the diencephalon.

109.D. Mer p. 446.

110.C. Carp p. 393.

111.C. Moore (embryol) pp. 366, 369. Cortical neurons are derived from neuroectoderm that forms from the neural tube.

112.D. Moore (embryol) p. 355.

113.B. Carp pp. 336–337.

114.A. Carp p. 141.

115.E. Carp pp. 170–171.

116.E. Carp p. 253, Fig. 9.4.

117.B. Carp p. 159. Fibers in the lateral lemniscus are both crossed and uncrossed.

119.D. HndbkNS p. 99. The superior orbital fissure transmits cranial nerve (CN) III,

120.D. IV, V₁, and VI. The inferior orbital fissure transmits CN V₂ (maxillary). The

121.A. foramen ovale transmits CN V₃ (mandibular), and the foramen magnum

122.C. transmits CN XI. The foramen rotundum also transmits CN V₂ (maxillary).

123.B.

124.C. CNBR pp. 82–83, 136.

125.B.

126.A.

127.A. Carp pp. 156–159.

128.E.

129.E.

130.E.

131.A. Carp p. 252. The lateral habenular nucleus receives fibers of the stria medullaris.

132.A. Carp p. 333, Fig. 11.10. Cells in the centromedian nucleus project to the putamen, and cells in the parafascicular nucleus project to the caudate.

133.D. For questions 133–139 see Carp pp. 176–182.

134.D.

135.A.

136.D.

137.C.

138.A.

139.C.

140.A. Carp pp. 239–240, Fig. 8.15. Efferent fibers from the dentate nucleus leave via the superior cerebellar peduncle, decussate in the caudal mesencephalon, and project to the contralateral red nucleus and ventral lateral and ventral posterolateral thalamic nuclei. These thalamic nuclei then project to the primary motor cortex. Fibers forming the descending part of the superior cerebellar peduncle project to reticular nuclei and the inferior olivary nucleus, which in turn projects back to the ipsilateral cerebellar cortex.

141.C. For questions 141–144 see CNBR p. 81. The adductor magnus is innervated by

142.D. both the obturator and sciatic nerves.

143.A.

144.B.

145.C. For questions 145–149 see Y pp. 647–648, HndbkNS p. 523.

146.B.

147.C.

148.A.

149.C.

151.B. Carp p. 384. The centromedian nucleus of the thalamus is most closely related to motor functions in that it receives input from the motor and premotor cortex and from the globus pallidus and projects mainly to the striatum. The other responses are considered part of the limbic system.

152.E. Y4 p. 2793. Melanocytes are located in the pia mater and are concentrated in the region of the ventral medulla and upper spinal cord.

153.B. Carp p. 85.

154.A. Carp p. 250. The fornix is not considered part of the diencephalon.

155.A. For questions 155–162 see CNBR pp. 73–74.

156.D.

157.F.

158.A.

159.C.

160.D.

161.B.

162.E.

163.D. For questions 163–170 see Carp pp. 161–166; Fig 6.14.

164.C.

165.A.

166.C.

167.D.

168.E.

169.B.

170.D.

171.A. For questions 171–175 see Carp pp. 176–182.

172.D.

173.A.

174.C.

175.D.

176.A. Carp p. 139. The solitary tract is formed by visceral afferent fibers from the vagus, glossopharyngeal, and facial (intermediate) nerves.

177.B. HndbkNS p.529. The femoral nerve facilitates hip flexion (iliopsoas muscle) and leg extension (quadriceps femoris muscle).

178.A. Y p. 1171. The pars tuberalis, a part of the anterior pituitary, surrounds the lower portion of the pituitary stalk.

179.E. Carp p. 240.

181.A. Carp p. 384. The amygdala is part of the limbic system (limbic lobe plus associated subcortical nuclei). The hippocampal formation is also part of the limbic lobe.

182.C. Moore p. 953.

183.B. HndbkNS p. 523. The median nerve innervates the opponens pollicis and abductor pollicis brevis. The anterior interosseous nerve innervates the flexor pollicis longus, and the ulnar nerve innervates the adductor pollicis.

184.C. Carp p. 459. The vein of Galen receives the paired internal cerebral veins, not vice versa.

185.A. Carp pp. 405–406.

186.A. Carp p. 448. The anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule are supplied by the lateral striates (from the middle cerebral artery). The medial striate artery of Heubner (from the anterior cerebral artery) supplies the rostromedial parts of the anterior limb. Direct branches from the internal carotid artery supply the genu, and the retrolenticular part and ventral portions of the posterior limb are supplied by the anterior choroidal artery.

187.E. For questions 187–191 see Carp pp. 35–37.

188.C.

189.B.

190.D.

191.A.

192.C. For questions 192–194 see CNBR pp. 45, 83.

193.D.

194.A.

195.B. Carp p. 175. A unilateral lesion of the abducens nucleus produces a lateral gaze paralysis. It is the only cranial nerve in which lesions of the root fibers and nucleus do not produce the same effects.

196.C. Carp p. 172.

197.B. Carp pp. 218–219, Fig. 7.18. Fibers from the substantia nigra pars compacta traverse parts of the globus pallidus en route to the caudate and putamen. They do not, however, synapse in the globus pallidus.

198.E. Carp p. 17.

199.D. Y pp. 4925–4926.

200.A. For questions 200–204 see Carp p. 420.

201.B.

202.B.

203.C.

204.C.

206.C. PNS p. 42.

207.E. Carp pp. 364–365; Fig 12.5. The pyriform cortex (lateral olfactory gyrus) and periamygdaloid area constitute the primary olfactory cortex, and the entorhinal cortex constitutes the secondary olfactory cortical area.

208.A. Carp p. 137, Figs. 5.18, 5.19; Moore (embryol) pp. 344–348. The nucleus ambiguus is derived from the basal plate.

209.A. Carp p. 196.

210.A. For questions 210–211 see CNBR pp. 54, 60, 65, 108.

211.B.

212.C. For questions 212–216 see Carp pp. 143–144, 172.

213.A.

214.B.

215.C.

216.A.

217.C. For questions 217–218 see CNBR pp.50, 83. The short ciliary nerves are mainly

218.B. composed of parasympathetic fibers from the ciliary ganglion to the eye, but some sympathetic fibers are also present.

219.C. For questions 219–225 see Carp pp. 86–92. The lateral spinothalamic tract

220.B. arises from cells in laminae I, IV, and V, and transmits pain and temperature

221.A. sensation. Fibers in this tract cross in the anterior white commissure, usually

222.E. within one spinal segment. The anterior spinothalamic tract also arises from

223.D. cells in laminae I, IV, and V, and crosses in a decussation that involves several

224.E. segments. It transmits light touch. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract is uncrossed

225.E. and arises from cells of the dorsal nucleus of Clarke (from C8 to L2). The ventral spinocerebellar tract is crossed, whereas the cuneocerebellar tract is uncrossed. The latter three tracts transmit unconscious exteroceptive impulses concerned with movement and posture. The cuneocerebellar tract transmits impulses from the upper extremity, whereas the dorsal spinocerebellar tract transmits impulses from the lower extremity.

226.D. For questions 226–230 see Carp pp. 94–104. The corticospinal tract divides

227.B. into a large crossed lateral corticospinal tract, small uncrossed anterior cor-

228.A. ticospinal tract, and a minute (about 2% of fibers) uncrossed anterolateral

229.C. corticospinal tract at the junction of the medulla and spinal cord. The tec-

231.D. For questions 231–240 see V&A p. 1189.

232.E.

233.A.

234.G.

235.C.

236.H.

237.B.

238.H.

239.F.

240.B.

241.C. Carp p. 17. Molecules also move across the blood–brain barrier by diffusion. Substances that cross the blood–brain barrier by diffusion include water and alcohol. D-glucose and large neutral amino acids are transported into the brain by carrier-mediated transport. Active transport is used to move weak organic acids, halides, and extracellular K+ from the brain and cerebrospinal fluid into plasma.

242.A. Carp p. 311. The tuberohypophysial or tuberoinfundibular tract arises from the tuberal region (mainly the arcuate nucleus) and can be traced to the median eminence and infundibular stem.

243.A. For questions 243–250 see CNBR pp. 72–73.

244.B.

245.C.

246.D.

247.G.

248.H.

249.E.

250.F.