13
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
JOYCE BLACK
Note: This chapter corresponds to Chapter 16 in Fundamentals of Sleep Technology, 2nd edition.
1. Tidal volume is reduced at sleep onset resulting in mild:
A. Laryngeal spasm
B. Snoring
C. Hypoventilation
D. Hyperoxia
2. Mild obstruction of the upper airway causes turbulent airflow that leads to tissue vibrations and creates:
A. Oxygen desaturations
B. Cardiac arrhythmias
C. Nasal polyps
D. Snoring
3. Apnea severity is typically defined by:
A. Degree of daytime sleepiness
B. Number of breathing disruptions per hour of sleep
C. Duration of the respiratory events
D. Consequences for the cardiovascular system
4. An apnea–hypopnea index of less than five in an adult is considered:
A. Normal
B. Preobstructive sleep apnea syndrome
C. Mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
D. Indicative of sensor failure
5. For patients with positional obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), upper airway occlusion occurs predominantly while lying:
A. On the left side
B. Supine
C. Prone
D. On the right side
6. In women, there is a marked increase in risk of OSA:
A. During the childbearing years
B. In early middle age
C. After menopause
D. After age 80
7. It has been shown that ______________ immediately before bedtime increases the likelihood of OSA by three times.
A. Eating
B. Drinking caffeinated beverages
C. Exercise
D. Smoking
8. Sympathetic nervous system activation, hypoxia, hypercapnia, and increased intrathoracic pressure increase the risk of ______________ in OSA patients.
A. Neurologic disorders
B. PAP therapy intolerance
C. Cardiac arrhythmia
D. Nasal obstruction
9. A pattern of cardiac variability often seen in patients with OSA is:
A. Persistent tachycardia
B. Persistent bradycardia
C. Tachycardia alternating with bradycardia
D. Prolonged QT interval
10. The relationship between OSA and diabetes is:
A. All diabetics have OSA.
B. All OSA patients have diabetes.
C. There is no relationship between diabetes and OSA.
D. Diabetes and OSA are reciprocal independent influences.
11. The relationship between OSA severity and daytime sleepiness is:
A. All sleepy people have severe OSA.
B. All patients with severe OSA have severe excessive daytime sleepiness.
C. Patients with mild OSA do not have daytime sleepiness.
D. Unclear.
12. There is a strong association between OSA and mood disorders, particularly:
A. Depression
B. Bipolar disorder Type II
C. Mania
D. Cyclothymia
13. The Mallampati scale is used to rate:
A. Severity of oxygen desaturation
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