Reference

Sample

Measures

Results

Cox, D. J., Ritterband, L. M., Quillian, W., Kovatchev, B., Morris, J., Sutphen, J., & Borowitz, S. (2003). Assessment of behavioral mechanisms maintaining encopresis: Virginia encopresis-constipation apperception test. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28(6), 375-382

87 encopretic

27 non-encopretic siblings

35 non-encopretic controls

VECAT: Virginia Encopresis-Constipation Apperception Test

Encopretic children scored higher on the VECAT, reduction in posttreatment scores

Cox, D. J., Morris, J., Borowitz, S. M., & Sutphen, J. L. (2002). Psychological differences of children with and without chronic encopresis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27, 585–591

86 encopretic

62 non-encopretic controls

CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist

TRF: Teacher Rating Form

WRAT: Wide Range Achievement Test

PH: Piers-Harris Self-Perception

Increased anxiety, depression, family problems, social problems, disruptive behavior

Decreased school performance, attention, and self-esteem

Kuhl, E. S., Felt, B. T., & Patton, S. R. (2009). Brief report: Adherence to fluid recommendations in children receiving treatment for retentive encopresis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34, 1165–1169

26 encopretic children

Chart review of mean daily fluid intake during group behavioral treatment

Mean fluid intake increased by 30 %, but only 48 % of children met fluid intake goals

Kuhl, E. S., Hoodin, F., Rice, J., Felt, B. T., Rausch, J. R., & Patton, S. R. (2010). Increasing daily water intake and fluid adherence in children receiving treatment for Retentive Encopresis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(10), 1144–1151

18 encopretic in enhanced intervention (EI)

19 encopretic in standard care (SC)

Comparison of diet diary over the course of 7-week treatment

Mean fluid intake significantly greater in EI, and EI participants 4–6 times more likely to meet fluid intake goals

Johnston, B.D., & Wright, J.A. (1993). Attentional dysfunction in children with Encopresis. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 14(6), 381–385

167 child clinic patients

CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist, hyperactivity scale

Children with encopresis were 10 times more likely to have clinically significant hyperactivity on CBCL

Levine, M. D., Mazonson, P., & Bakow, H. (1980). Behavioral symptom substitution in children cured of encopresis. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 134, 663–667

47 previously encopretic children

No symptom substitution was found in a three-year follow-up of treated encopretic children

Van Hoecke, E., De Fruyt, F., De Clercq, B., Hoebeke, P., & Walle, J. V. (2006). Internalizing and externalizing problem behavior in children with nocturnal and diurnal enuresis: Afive-factor model perspective. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(5), 460–468

85 combined-type enuretics

56 nocturnal enuretics

155 healthy controls

HiPIC: Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children

CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist

DBDRS: Dutch Disruptive Behavior Disorder Rating Scale

Combined-type children are less conscientious and more neurotic

Combined-type children increased internalizing, externalizing, attentional, and hyperactivity difficulties