Test One
Questions
1. Glutamatergic neurons and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the hippocampus are important in the creation of long-term potentiation, which is integral to which of the following?
A. Fight or flight response
B. Memory
C. Hunger and satiety
D. Homeostatic equilibrium
E. Body temperature control
2. The National Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System of 2007 found that in the past 12 months prior to the survey the percentage of high school students who “seriously considered attempting suicide” was:
A. 3%
B. 6%
C. 10%
D. 15%
E. 20%
3. What are the most common causes of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures in children, listed in order of descending frequency?
A. Sexual abuse, family discord, separation anxiety with school refusal
B. Separation anxiety with school refusal, sexual abuse, family discord
C. Family discord, sexual abuse, separation anxiety with school refusal
D. Family discord, separation anxiety with school refusal, sexual abuse
E. Sexual abuse, separation anxiety with school refusal, family discord
4. The odds ratio in a case-control study is expressed as odds ratio = 2.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.5-3.4). Here the null hypothesis is:
A. Rejected
B. Not rejected
C. 1.5
D. 3.4
E. 2.2
5. ALL of the following are interventional strategies for children and adolescents with conduct problems and oppositional behaviors, including aggression EXCEPT:
A. Parent management training (PMT)
B. Parent-child interaction training
C. School and community-based programs
D. Dialectical-behavior therapy
E. Individual cognitive-behavioral treatments
6. True or False: When compared to children returned to their families of origin or to children raised in long-term foster care, adoption is clearly beneficial.
A. True
B. False
7. Research indicates strong links between early loss, trauma, and disturbance in the family with which of the following?
A. Alcoholism
B. Firesetting
C. Interpersonal dysfunction
D. Intrapsychic conflict
8. In studies of adults what percentage of those diagnosed with substance abuse go on to develop substance dependence?
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. 50%
E. 75%
9. True or False: Projective techniques are one method of accessing the “inner life” of the child or adolescent.
A. True
B. False
10. True or False: Child psychiatry residency programs do not provide trainees with significant instruction in disaster intervention.
A. True
B. False
11. Who originally described a patient group as having “early infantile autism”?
A. Kraepelin
B. Freud
C. Kernberg
D. Chess
E. Kanner
12. True or False: In psychiatric formulation, there are two distinct goals: that of understanding the patient and that of explaining the patient’s symptoms, conditions, and concerns.
A. True
B. False
13. Which of the following captures the neuroendocrine response of those individuals who are resilient in the face of adversity?
A. Excessive activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
B. Chronic levels of cortisol
C. Relatively quick return to baseline levels of cortisol
D. Sensitive startle reflex
14. True or False: According to the 1998 Current Population Survey, children under 6 years of age living with a single mother were twice as likely to be poor than those living with both parents.
A. True
B. False
15. Which protein is affected in Fragile X?
A. Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2)
B. Signaling Nested Reservation Protocol
C. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
D. Fragile X mental retardation-1
E. Cyclic AMP response element binding
16. Which of the following represents a key strategy or technique of Structural Family Therapy?
A. Creation of a holding environment
B. Strengthening of parental hierarchy
C. Use of a genogram
D. Use of “miracle” questions
E. None of the above
17. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) testing in patients with narcolepsy often reveals positivity for what alleles?
A. HLA-A
B. HLA-DP
C. HLA-DQ
D. HLA-B
E. HLA-C
18. True or False: Federal regulations state that the assent of children is a necessary condition in the case of therapeutic interventions or procedures.
A. True
B. False
19. What is the recommended maximum dose of clonidine (in mg) in prepubertal children for the treatment of psychiatric disturbances?
A. 0.1
B. 0.2
C. 0.3
D. 0.4
E. None of the above
20. Which edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) first separated research diagnostic criteria from clinical descriptions?
A. ICD-3
B. ICD-5
C. ICD-6
D. ICD-8
E. ICD-10
21. ALL of the following are true of early neural development EXCEPT:
A. Environmental factors can influence brain development
B. Instructions contained in the genetic code drives development
C. Neuronal connections are strengthened through pruning of synaptic connections
D. Neuronal activity may be required for proliferation and refinement of connections
E. Neuronal connections can be made throughout life
22. What is criterion-related validity?
A. The extent to which an instrument is representative of the universe of empirical indicators that are related to the concept measured
B. The most empirical form of validity; it allows an index to be compared to an independent external criterion thought to assess the same concept
C. The extent to which individual items or measures intercorrelate or group together to produce derived higher order constructs
D. None of the above
23. In a study, what type of variable represents the predictors, antecedents, presumed causes, or influences under investigation?
A. Active independent variable
B. Independent variable
C. Dependent variable
D. Attribute independent variable
E. Extraneous variable
24. Which infant assessment tool, appropriate for children from birth to 36 months, is useful in providing schemata for organizing information from caregiver interviews, medical and developmental records, and behavioral observations?
A. Gesell Development Schedules
B. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
C. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
D. Infant-Toddler Developmental Assessment
E. Battelle Developmental Inventory
25. The majority of students with learning disabilities are identified in:
A. Preschool
B. Kindergarten to third grade
C. Fourth or fifth grade
D. Middle school or high school
E. College
26. Seminal research by Sir Michael Rutter has revealed that when discrete risk factors faced by children (e.g., community violence, poverty, parent mental illness) coexist with other risks, as they often do in the real world, the effects on children tend to be:
A. Additive
B. Synergistic
C. Compounded
D. Minimized
E. Resilient
27. Clinicians are susceptible to a number of collection biases in the process of interviewing and diagnosing a patient. Which of the following biases is the definition of a confirmatory bias?
A. Arriving at a diagnostic determination before collecting all the relevant information
B. Focusing on collecting information to confirm a diagnosis
C. Making judgments based on the most readily available cognitive patterns
D. Seeing correlations where none exist
E. Ignoring disconfirming information
28. The monozygotic concordance rate for schizophrenia is approximately:
A. 10%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 75%
E. 90%
29. True or False: Carbamazepine can induce its own metabolism.
A. True
B. False
30. The school consultation model, which includes problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, and problem evaluation, is best characterized by which consultation model?
A. Mental Health Consultation
B. Organizational Consultation
C. Behavioral Consultation
D. System Consultation
E. Administrative Consultation
31. A neuropsychological battery can assess ALL of the following functional domains of the brain EXCEPT:
A. Alertness/arousal
B. Sensory perception
C. Latent dynamic content
D. Attention
E. Information processing
32. Who was the author of the first text on child psychiatry in the United States?
A. Arnold Gesell
B. Benjamin Spock
C. Leo Kanner
D. Sigmund Freud
33. Which group prescribes the majority of psychoactive substances to children and adolescents?
A. Child and adolescent psychiatrists
B. General psychiatrists
C. Primary care physicians
D. Nurse practitioners
E. Physician assistants
34. Which of the following interventions in the context of reactive attachment disorder is MOST LIKELY associated with injuries:
A. Infant-parent psychotherapy
B. Rebirthing
C. Foster care placement
D. Speech and occupational therapy
E. The “strange situation” procedure
35. Animal and human studies provide indisputable evidence that this part of the brain plays an important role in fear conditioning:
A. Caudate
B. Striatum
C. Amygdala
D. Mesocortex
E. All of the above
36. Prevalence in epidemiology is calculated as:
A. Number of new onsets of disease divided by the population or sample size
B. Number of subjects with the disease divided by the population or sample size
C. Number of subjects with the disease divided by the disease-free population
D. Number of subjects with the disease divided by the incidence rate
37. What is the minimum duration requirement for symptoms to be present to diagnose posttraumatic stress disorder?
A. 1 day
B. 5 days
C. 30 days
D. 60 days
E. 90 days
38. True or False: Marriages of parents of children with cancer remain surprisingly stress free.
A. True
B. False
39. Which of the following assessment team structures is a team made up of professionals from different disciplines with formal communication channels and services coordinated by a case manager among the disciplines?
A. Multidisciplinary
B. Interdisciplinary
C. Transdisciplinary
D. Subdisciplinary
E. Postdisciplinary
40. The two most important conditions for a group therapy setting are privacy for the duration of each meeting and:
A. Developmentally appropriate furnishings and equipment
B. Seating of members and coleaders at a circular or square table
C. Coleaders seated in positions where they can easily make eye contact
D. Coleaders seated in positions that do not block the door
E. Positioning of a clock in view of all members
41. True or False: If a man is involved in the physical care of his child prior to age 3, there is a decreased probability that he will be involved with sexual abuse of his own or other children.
A. True
B. False
42. Troiden examined the typical development of sexual minorities. Which of the following is true of Troiden’s model of homosexuality?
A. It was based on prospective data
B. It was based on openly identified gay men
C. It begins with a stage of identification
D. It correlates more strongly for women than men
E. All of the above
43. Which of the following databases is operated by the American Psychological Association (APA)?
A. Cochrane Library
B. PubMed
C. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
D. PsycINFO
E. None of the above
44. What is the current view on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and suicidal thinking and behaviors when compared to placebo?
A. Their effect is equal to placebo
B. They decrease suicidal thinking compared to placebo
C. They increase suicidal thinking compared to placebo
D. They should not be used in children with suicidal thoughts
45. Which part of the serotonergic neuron is the primary target site for atypical neuroleptics such as risperidone, ziprasidone, and olanzapine?
A. 5-HT2 receptor
B. 5-HT1 receptor
C. Serotonin transporter
D. 5-HT3 receptor
E. None of the above
46. When medications are used for the treatment of drug naive patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which is the most accurate statement?
A. Up to 50% of patients experience a 25% to 45% reduction in severity in symptoms
B. Up to 90% of patients experience at least a 25% reduction in severity of symptoms
C. Up to 50% of patients experience a remission and an additional 50% experience a reduction of 25% to 45% severity in symptoms
D. Up to 90% of patients experience at least a 50% reduction in symptoms
47. Synaptic pruning:
A. Terminates around the age of 7
B. Continues through adolescence
C. Represents another form of myelinization
D. Ends by the time of birth
E. Occurs only in the basal ganglia
48. ALL of the following have been described as a category of encopresis EXCEPT:
A. Children who have adequate bowel control and volitionally deposit feces in inappropriate places
B. Children who are either unaware that they are soiling or are aware but unable to control the process
C. Situations where the soiling is due to excessive fluid, which may be caused by diarrhea, anxiety, or retentive overflow
D. Children who have short bowel syndrome
49. True or False: A recent multisite study found that children with pervasive developmental disorders appeared to be at higher risk for adverse events when prescribed stimulant medications compared to typically developing children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
A. True
B. False
50. Child care provider depression has been associated with ALL of the following EXCEPT:
A. Less sensitive child care
B. More intrusive or negative child care
C. Low levels of job turnover
D. Higher rates of expulsion of preschoolers
51. True or False: Rates of schizophrenia or psychosis in persons with an intellectual disability are higher than the rates of schizophrenia in the general population.
A. True
B. False
52. Functional dysphagia is defined as:
A. A burning sensation in the epigastric area
B. An inability to chew
C. A subjective feeling of difficulty with speaking
D. Weight loss due to a mental disorder
E. A subjective experience of difficulty or discomfort associated with the act of swallowing
53. Current recommendations for lithium management include repeat laboratory testing at which time-interval after obtaining baseline or initial levels?
A. 12 months
B. 8 months
C. 6 months
D. 3 months
E. 2 months
54. True or False: The same susceptibility genes of the associated clinical disorder influence endophenotypes.
A. True
B. False
55. ALL of the following conditions are more frequently found in persons with Tourette’s syndrome compared to the general population EXCEPT:
A. ADHD
B. Disinhibited behavior
C. Schizophrenia
D. OCD
E. Disinhibited speech
56. Which technique of operant conditioning reinforces approximations of a behavior?
A. Token economy
B. Differential reinforcement of other behavior
C. Shaping
D. Time out
E. None of the above
57. The use of play in a therapeutic environment is:
A. Most effective when the therapist simply joins the child’s play
B. A straightforward, accurate account of a child’s past experiences
C. A means of expression of a child’s anxieties or worries
D. A child’s conscious use of characters and themes to reflect his experience
E. A marker for delayed cognitive development
58. Imaging studies in OCD tend to indicate increased activity in the:
A. Amygdala
B. Hippocampus
C. Medulla
D. Caudate nucleus
59. For bipolar disorder in children, clear consensus does not exist for any of the following EXCEPT:
A. The existence of bipolar disorder in children
B. The necessity of cardinal symptoms (e.g., elated mood and/or grandiosity)
C. The role of irritable mood
D. The requirement of clearly demarcated mood episodes
E. The best way to attribute potential symptoms of mania that also commonly present in other disorders
60. True or False: In 1997, the U.S. Congress enacted the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to expand health insurance coverage for children. This program provided states with federal matching funds to insure low-income children in addition to their Medicaid coverage.
A. True
B. False
61. Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents has three primary components of treatment that are evident in the three phases of treatment: initial, middle, and termination. Which of the following is NOT one of the three primary components?
A. Perspective-taking
B. Education
C. Affect identification
D. Interpersonal skills building
62. Each of these refers to a sexual minority group, EXCEPT:
A. Gay-Straight Alliance (GSA)
B. Feminist Research Group (FRG)
C. Gay, Lesbian Straight Education Network
D. Gay Lesbian Bisexual Transgender/Transsexual (GLBT)
E. Parents, Friends and Families of Lesbians and Gays
63. True or False: Defense is a term describing ego efforts to protect against external dangers.
A. True
B. False
64. Children with enuresis and behavioral problems usually have which of the following?
A. Higher bladder capacity and developmental delays
B. Marked structural anomalies
C. Lower functional bladder volumes and developmental delays
D. Parents who use a punishment-based approach
E. None of the above
65. What is the leading cause of death from disease for children ages 1 to 14 years?
A. Cancer
B. Suicide
C. Homicide
D. Premature birth
E. Neglect
66. Which of the following mechanisms describes lithium’s main effect on the brain?
A. Postsynaptic antagonism
B. Intracellular signaling
C. Presynaptic antagonism
D. Reuptake inhibition
E. Selective agonism
67. In response to critiques of poor internal validity attributed to early efficacy studies of child and adolescent therapies, the design of these studies evolved into the experimental clinical trial, which is characterized by ALL of the following EXCEPT:
A. Explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria
B. Random assignment
C. Blinded and standardized diagnostic assessment
D. Heterogeneous samples undergoing intervention
E. Manual-based treatments
68. True or False: Research in resilience shows that positive adaptation in the early years is the determining factor for success in the later stages of life.
A. True
B. False
69. How do research assessments measure resilience?
A. Cohen’s d
B. Kappa statistic
C. Correlation, r
D. Resilience is only a clinical assessment
E. Resilience cannot be measured
70. What is the strongest risk factor for youth suicide?
A. Major depression
B. Bipolar disorder
C. Substance use disorder
D. Prior history of a suicide attempt
E. Borderline personality disorder
71. Which term denotes the paradigm used in functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, which uses a series of single trials at a relatively slow rate of stimulus presentation to reduce the overlap of the hemodynamic responses evoked by consecutive individual trials?
A. Event-related design
B. Blocked design
C. Region of interest
D. Parcellation
E. Subtraction paradigm
72. Which of the following statements is true?
A. There is an equal sex distribution of OCD
B. Males appear to have an earlier onset of OCD
C. More females than males have OCD
D. A and B
E. B and C
73. True or False: Males and females have equal rates of night terrors.
A. True
B. False
74. Which of the following terms describes the number of patients that must be treated with an intervention to prevent one additional bad outcome?
A. Absolute risk reduction
B. Number needed to treat
C. Correlation, r
D. Cohen’s d
E. Number needed to harm
75. All of the following seem to contribute to the risk of developing borderline personality disorder in children and adults. Which experience is more discriminatory for borderline personality disorder compared to other personality disorders?
A. Trauma
B. Neglect
C. Maltreatment
D. Sexual abuse
E. Physical abuse
76. In the treatment of autism, which type of applied behavior analysis model is structured and requires the child to work one-on-one with a therapist?
A. Discrete trial training
B. Pivotal response training
C. Incidental teaching
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
77. True or False: Most children who develop posttraumatic stress disorder meet criteria for acute stress disorder within the first month after the traumatic event.
A. True
B. False
78. What is the primary underlying assumption of interpersonal psychotherapy?
A. The quality of one’s intrapsychic life can cause, maintain, or buffer against depression
B. The quality of interpersonal relationships can cause, maintain, or buffer against depression
C. The interpersonal relationship between therapist and patient can cause, maintain, or buffer against depression
D. The transference relationship between patient and therapist can cause, maintain, or buffer against depression
79. In the Four Ps model of psychiatric formulation, which domain of factors is concerned with the features that make the presenting condition endure, such as the severity of the condition and compliance issues?
A. Predisposing
B. Precipitating
C. Perpetuating
D. Protective
80. True or False: It is always most effective to phrase verbal limits in positive terms.
A. True
B. False
81. True or False: Children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) alone compared to children with ODD and ADHD together, are equally likely to develop conduct disorder.
A. True
B. False
82. Codeine or morphine can be detected in the urine for how long?
A. Less than 24 hours
B. 24 to 72 hours
C. 3 to 5 days
D. 1 week
E. More than 10 days
83. In general, what is the treatment for manic and mixed episodes in youth?
A. Lithium monotherapy
B. Valproate monotherapy
C. Atypical antipsychotic monotherapy
D. None of the above
E. All of the above
84. The strongest risk factor of childhood and adolescent obesity is:
A. Maternal smoking
B. Fast food intake
C. Parental neglect
D. Parental obesity
E. Time spent watching TV
85. Among normal metabolizers, the blood levels of nortriptyline are close in absolute value to which of the following?
A. Half the daily oral dosage
B. Three-quarters of the daily oral dosage
C. Twice the daily oral dosage
D. Daily oral dosage
E. Weekly oral dosage
86. Premature terminations occur when there is a decision to end the therapy before the treatment goals have been accomplished. Child psychodynamic psychotherapy describes two types of premature terminations. Which TWO terms describe these types?
A. Suspension
B. Disruption
C. Absconding
D. Interruption
E. Pause
87. In which year did Congress pass The Mental Health Act that provided funds for the training of child psychiatrists?
A. 1898
B. 1914
C. 1946
D. 1968
E. 1984
88. When an adolescent expresses intent to harm seriously another person at school, what should you do?
A. First and foremost, maintain the adolescent’s confidentiality or he may not disclose information in the future
B. Tell the adolescent’s parents
C. Protect the potential victim
D. Call your malpractice insurer
E. Discuss the matter with school personnel
89. Red and blue leading to purple is an example of which of the following?
A. Associativity
B. Composition
C. Decentration
D. Reversibility
E. Seriation
90. According to the U.S. Office of Education, the term “specific learning disability” includes children who have learning problems from the result of which of the following conditions?
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