a. Glucose

Positive in diabetes mellitus, other endocrine conditions (hyperthyroidism, Cushing’s syndrome), other pancreatic conditions (pancreatitis, carcinoma), renal conditions (renal tubular dysfunction), central nervous system (CNS) conditions (meningitis, cerebrovascular accidents), pheochromocytoma, severe burns, infections, and fractures.

b. Bilirubin

Positive test results occur in jaundice secondary to liver disease and obstructive biliary tract disease.

c. Ketones

Positive in starvation, diabetes mellitus

d. Specific gravity

Decreased:

Overhydration

Diabetes insipidus

Decreased concentrating ability of the kidneys

Increased:

Dehydration

Fever

Increased fluid loss—vomiting, diarrhea

Diabetes mellitus

e. Hemoglobin

Positive in renal disease, renal calculi, skeletal muscle or cardiac muscle injury, extreme excercise, urinary tract infection

f. pH

Decreased:

Metabolic/respiratory acidosis

Increased:

Urinary tract infection, with urea splitting bacteria

Hypokalemic, hypochloremic acidosis—urine is paradoxically alkaline

g. Total protein

Positive in renal dysfunction, multiple myeloma, fever, severe stress, leukemia, pre-eclampsia

h. Nitrite

Positive nitrite indicates presence of bacterial infection.

i. Leukocyte esterase