Test name

Anxiety or depression

Required training

Length of time

Reliability and validity

Population

Reference

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II)

Depression

None

<5 min

Reliability

Adults

[20]

α = 0.81–0.92

Validity

r = 0.56–0.83

Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

Depression

Reading an article and manual

6–30 min

Reliability

Adults

[21]

α = 0.64–0.91

Validity

r = 0.55–0.82

Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)

Depression

None

6–30 min

Reliability

Geriatrics

[22]

α = 0.75–0.99

Validity

r = 0.69–0.96

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

Depression and anxiety

None

<5 min

Reliability

Adults

[23]

α = 0.70–0.90

 

Validity

 

r = 0.44–0.73

 

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) for anxiety and depression

Depression and anxiety

None

<5 min

Reliability

Adults

[24]

α = 0.62–0.82

Validity

r = 0.52–0.79

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)

Depression

None

<5 min

Reliability

Adults

[25]

α = 0.79–0.90

Validity

r = 0.52–0.79

Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)

Anxiety

None

<5 min

Reliability

Adults

[26]

α = 0.73–0.94

Validity

r = 0.51–0.73

Generalized anxiety disorder—seven item (GAD-7)

Anxiety

None

<5 min

Reliability

Adults

[27]

α = 0.73–0.94

Validity

r = 0.51–0.73

PTSD checklist (PCL)

PTSD

None

6–10 min

Reliability

Adults

[28]

α = 0.85–0.94

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