FIGURE 3.1. There are several pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies that may be effective for synchronizing the internal clock with external environmental and social cues. These strategies may be useful in the treatment of circadian rhythm disorders, such as advanced or delayed sleep phase disorder (ASPD and DSPD), Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake disorder, and shift work disorder; many may also be beneficial in ameliorating the symptoms of insomnia and hypersomnia (Mokhlesi and Gozal, 2011; Liira et al., 2014; Tahara and Shibata, 2014).

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