Right Hand or Left Hand?




(1)
Hand Surgery Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Lund University Skäne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

 



Abstract

Though the aetiology of left- and right-handedness is not well understood, it is believed genetics may play an important role. In our society most industrial products, electronic equipment, mechanical tools and kitchen utensils are produced for right-handed people, something that may cause considerable problems for the left-handed. Left-handedness has often been associated with creativity, musicality and artistic talents, and many of our most famous painters and successful people in culture and society are lefties. From the linguistic point of view, the words corresponding to right and left represent good and evil, and in many cultures the symbolic roles of the right and left hands are quite different. The dominance of right-handedness or ‘right behaviour’ might have evolved very early in evolution and seems to be present not only in humans but also in several animal species.


The terms right and left appear in many various contexts, in chemistry, politics and biology. Molecules can be left- or right-oriented, that is, two different types that relate to each other as the right hand relates to the left hand – like mirror images. In the 1860s, Louis Pasteur noted that a certain type of tartaric acid crystals rotated polarised light clockwise while a mirror variant instead rotated the light anticlockwise. Even people can be left or right oriented, but in that case we’re talking about differences in political opinion.

Being right- or left-handed is something quite different [15]. Why do most people have the right hand as their ‘dominant’ hand – the hand that intuitively feels like the most natural to use and that possesses the greatest precision and power – and a minority feel the left hand is the dominant one?

The left-handed literature researcher Niklas Schiöler at Lund University, Sweden, has reflected on all aspects of left-handed people’s problems with humour and great insight, as he precisely describes several of the everyday problems that left-handers may encounter [6]. Being left-handed is hardly something that people notice. At most it is sometimes regarded as an interesting trait since many people feel that left-handedness is associated with positive properties like creativity, musical and artistic talent. However, it has not always been this way. There are many left-handed elderly people who have bitter memories of rude teachers who did not accept the left hand as the dominant one. There are several stories about the anxiety that followed forced relearning from the left to the right hand in their early years. Benjamin Franklin, who was left-handed, described how he was corrected and even beaten each time he used his left hand at school.

Historically, the left hand has always represented something negative and unsuccessful. In the Bible the left hand was contaminated by evil forces. Left-handedness was regarded a malformation often associated with evil and criminality. In some cultures, the left-handed were regarded the devil’s lackeys. In folklore, the left-handed were closely associated with the devil, and left-handedness in women could be proof of witchcraft and even a reason to be burnt at the stake.

In several cultures, the right hand represents purity and truth, while the left hand is used to manage hygiene during visits to the toilet. Niklas Schiöler describes how he once was invited to a Muslim wedding in Kashmir and was unaware of the strict right-left rules. Schiöler, who was a fairly non-prominent guest, had to eat with the servants in a room on the bottom floor where everybody was sitting on the floor. When the meal was served, everybody expected the foreign guest to be the first to start the meal. The left-handed Schiöler stretched out his hand – unfortunately the left hand – to pick some pieces of food. Immediately the whole group stopped talking and looked at each other horrified, and the guest immediately understood his mistake. The left hand is okay when using the toilet, but to use it at the dinner table is unforgivable. Many explanations were needed to salvage the situation.

In language as well, there are several indications of how sensitive left-right terminology can be. During the time of Emperor Tiberius, the Latin word dexter (right) represented something bringing luck and welcoming, while sinister (left) arose from sinistrum meaning evil. Individuals born left-handed were regarded as offensive. Dexterity means adroitness and precision in the hand. Right hand indicates the correct and appropriate hand, while left is derived from the Anglo-Saxon lyft meaning weak and broken down. Lefthanded business means illegal and immoral business. In the German language, link (left) stands for incorrect. While the French droit means right, correct, straight and honest, gauche represents left, clumsy or awkward.


Being Left-Handed


In our part of the world and in our time, the left hand is, thankfully, equally appreciated as the right hand. I discovered early on that both of my sons were left-handed, which my wife and I found somewhat strange since we are both right-handed. But we felt that our sons’ left-handedness perhaps after all was fairly natural – they are both creative and musically talented, and there seems to be a general belief that left-handedness is linked to creativity and musicality. No one in the family paid much attention to our sons’ left-handedness until the younger one came home from school 1 day beaming with joy, telling us that he no longer had to participate in sewing class – the teacher had given up after hopeless attempts to teach him crocheting and knitting. His mirror-reversed motor functions were impossible to correlate with the teacher’s instructions. The fact that he could not use regular scissors also gave him advantages at school and at home. His inability to handle a standard potato peeler automatically relieved him from several kitchen activities, until the day we stumbled upon a special shop for left-handed people. Here we found everything that a parent of left-handed children could want: specially made and modified potato peelers and special scissors made for the left-handed, plus many other things that to this day disqualify our left-handed children from special treatment at home and at school.

Society is indeed not designed for left-handed people, at least not with respect to all the everyday items and tools that are natural parts of daily living. In the days of the old farming society, the left-handed must have had many problems with several activities, for instance, hay-making, since the handles of the scythe are always mounted for right-handed use. To have a left-handed man on the team making hay with a reversed stroke would be very dangerous when several men are working at the same time side by side. Chris McManus quotes in his book Right hand, Left Hand a very descriptive section from Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina [1]:

…the peasants came into sight, some with their coats on, some in their shirts, following one behind another in a long string, each swinging his scythe in his own manner. Levin counted forty-two of them…He heard nothing save the swish of the knives, saw…the crescent curve of the cut grass, the grass and flower-heads slowly and rhythmically falling about the blade of (the) scythe…On the short rows the mowers bunched together…their scythes ringing when touched.

Levin realised how dangerous a tool a sharpened scythe could be, ‘sharp as a razor blade’: ‘A curved piece of steel with a carefully honed edge, several feet in length, swung in a huge arc around the mower. To get one’s feet in the way was to risk serious injury. With a team of men scything their way across a field it was vital that they all be synchronized. To have one man doing everything back to front – left-handed, in other words – would be to risk disaster.’

McManus describes several left-handed problems. For the left-handed, the natural turning movement goes anticlockwise, while the control buttons on ovens, stereos and all kinds of electronics are turned clockwise. Serving wine at a meal from the right side, according to strict etiquette, is very risky for the left-handed – filling glasses with precision is very difficult. Even at the dinner table, the left-handed can encounter problems if the neighbour on the left is right-handed: enjoying soup with a spoon in the left hand can cause many problems since the lefty’s elbow will easily collide with his neighbour’s right elbow. Even when handling a knife and fork, the left-hander has to cross over the right hand to reach the knife, which always is positioned to the right of the plate.

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Oct 29, 2016 | Posted by in NEUROSURGERY | Comments Off on Right Hand or Left Hand?

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