Embryology of the Spine
1 Embryology of the Spine Zair Fishkin, John A. Bendo KEY POINTS • Gastrulation is the beginning of organogenesis and the time when the embryo is most susceptible to internal…
Aquatic Physical Therapy
18 Aquatic Physical Therapy Thomas Cesarz, David Speach KEY POINTS • Swimming skill is not required for patients to safely engage in water-based therapies. • Aquatic exercises are generally as…
Spinal Stenosis with Spondylolisthesis
15 Spinal Stenosis with Spondylolisthesis Vincent J. Miele, Sumeet Vadera, Edward C. Benzel KEY POINTS • In the majority of cases patients with spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis may undergo…
The Psychology of the Aging Spine, Treatment Options, and Ayurveda as a Novel Approach
7 The Psychology of the Aging Spine, Treatment Options, and Ayurveda as a Novel Approach Frank John Ninivaggi KEY POINTS • Aging denotes progressive chronological thresholds characterized by significant change….
The Role of Nutrition, Weight, and Exercise on the Aging Spine
6 The Role of Nutrition, Weight, and Exercise on the Aging Spine Kiran F. Rajneesh, G. Ty Thaiyananthan KEY POINTS • Nonpharmacological treatment of back pain is an integral part…
History and Physical Examination of the Aging Spine
5 History and Physical Examination of the Aging Spine Courtney W. Brown, Lonnie E. Loutzenhiser KEY POINTS • Problems affecting the aging spine are a multifactorial degenerative process affecting both…
Clinical Neurophysiology of Tethered Cord Syndrome and Other Dysraphic Syndromes
20 Clinical Neurophysiology of Tethered Cord Syndrome and Other Dysraphic Syndromes Robin L. Gilmore, Sun Ik Lee, and John Walsh Tethered cord syndrome is a complex developmental malformation, with the…
Conservative versus Surgical Treatment and Prognostic Evaluation for Tethered Cord Syndrome
21 Conservative versus Surgical Treatment and Prognostic Evaluation for Tethered Cord Syndrome Shokei Yamada, George T. Mandybur, Austin R. T. Colohan and Vivian A. Yamada This chapter summarizes the previous…
Pathophysiology of Tethered Cord Syndrome
3 Pathophysiology of Tethered Cord Syndrome Shokei Yamada, Russell R. Lonser, Daniel J. Won, and Brian S. Yamada Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) is a stretch-induced functional disorder of the spinal…
Tethered Cord Syndrome in Adult and Late-teenage Patients without Neural Spinal Dysraphism
15 Tethered Cord Syndrome in Adult and Late-teenage Patients without Neural Spinal Dysraphism Shokei Yamada, Russell R. Lonser Jr. and Austin R. T. Colohan, Cheryl T. Yamada Hoffman et al…
