Pediatric Cervical Spine Disorders
23Pediatric Cervical Spine Disorders I. Developmental anatomy A. Atlas 1. Neurocentral synchondrosis forms at 6 to 24 months. a. Fusion begins at 4 to 6 years. b. Posterior synchondrosis fuses…
Rheumatoid Arthritis
21Rheumatoid Arthritis I. Rheumatoid arthritis A. Clinical findings 1. Most commonly affects the cervical spine 2. Within 5 years of serological diagnosis, 30 to 50% develop subluxation. 3. Most common…
Cervical Spine Trauma
8Cervical Spine Trauma I. General considerations A. Fifty thousand cervical spinal column or cord injuries reported yearly in the United States B. Most spinal column or cord injuries occur in…
Spinal Imaging and Diagnostic Tests
3Spinal Imaging and Diagnostic Tests ♦ Imaging Modalities I. General considerations A. Spinal imaging modalities (Table 3–1) 1. Plain radiographs 2. Computed tomography 3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 4. Bone…
Biochemical Aspects of Intervertebral Disk Degeneration
IIIDegenerative Spinal Conditions 10 Biochemical Aspects of Intervertebral Disk Degeneration 11 Degenerative Cervical Spine Disorders: Surgical and Nonsurgical Treatment 12 Degenerative Thoracic Spine Conditions 13 Lumbar Disk Disease: Pathogenesis and…
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures
9Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures I. General considerations A. Thoracolumbular spine is the most common site of spinal injuries B. Most injuries occur in males (age 15 to 29), usually a result…
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
14Lumbar Spinal Stenosis I. General considerations A. Definition: narrowing of the spinal canal (central stenosis), lateral recess (lateral recess stenosis) or the foramen (foraminal stenosis) with neural impingement that produces…
History and Physical Examination
2History and Physical Examination ♦ History I. Degenerative disorders of the spine A. History is the most important component of the patient evaluation. 1. Establishes the initial differential diagnoses 2….
Kyphotic Spinal Deformities in Children and Adults
18Kyphotic Spinal Deformities in Children and Adults I. General considerations A. Anatomic variation 1. Cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, and lumbosacral lordosis 2. Sagittal plumb line (odontoid) should normally cross C7–T1,…
