Neuromuscular Diseases General Approach to Peripheral Neuropathies I. Evaluation and Classification Thorough history Nature of chief complaint: weakness versus sensory disturbance versus pain versus autonomic disturbance versus atrophy versus ataxia…
Neuro-Oncology Central Nervous System Tumors and Neuropathology I. Introduction Location of CNS Tumors Intracranial Supratentorial Infratentorial Intraspinal Extradural (e.g., epidural metastases, bone tumors) Intradural Intramedullary (e.g., ependymomas, astrocytomas, glioblastomas) Extramedullary…
Cerebrovascular Diseases Transient Ischemic Attack I. Epidemiology Risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack (TIA) 4% to 8% in first month 12% in first year 24% to 29% in first…
Demyelinating Diseases Multiple Sclerosis I. Epidemiology Onset: women aged 20 to 35 years; men aged 35 to 45 years Female:male ratio is 2:1. Age of onset of symptoms <20 years…
Metabolic Disorders Glycogen Storage Diseases I. Acid Maltase Deficiency (also known as Pompe disease) Infantile Onset—weeks Clinical features Floppy baby, generalized and bulbar weakness Macroglossia Cardiomegaly Hepatomegaly Death by age…
Pharmacology Neurotransmitters and Receptors I. Acetylcholine Synthesis: occurs in the nerve terminal This is the rate-limiting step in production of acetylcholine (ACh). The supply of choline is the rate-limiting factor…
Central Nervous System Infections I. Bacterial Meningitis Cause varies by age and immune status. Cause of Meningitis by Age Neonate (<1 mo) Child (1 mo-15 yr) Adult (15-60 yr) Older…
Anatomy The Cerebellum and Connections I. External Architecture Three Lobes—rostral to caudal Anterior Lobe—functionally known as paleocerebellum or spinocerebellum Posterior Lobe—functionally known as neocerebellum or pontocerebellum or cerebrocerebellum Flocculonodular Lobe—functionally…
Embryology and Development I. Divisions Prosencephalon Telencephalon—cortex, amygdala, caudate, putamen Diencephalon—thalamus, hypothalamus, globus pallidus Mesencephalon—midbrain Rhombencephalon Metencephalon—pons, cerebellum Myelencephalon—medulla II. Basal and Alar Plates Basal Plate (ventral) Anterior horn cells…
Introduction The objective of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the basic characteristics of magnetic resonance (MR) and computed axial tomographic (CAT) images. The physics of imaging is…
