The two major neurotransmitters in the cerebellum are glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Glutamate is excitatory and is found in the MFs, PFs, CFs, UBCs, and deep cerebellar nuclear neurons…
The Purkinje cell (PC) layer is a monolayer composed entirely of PCs, a 100 µm-thick sheet of 15 million neurons situated between the molecular and granular layers. The PC is…
The unipolar brush cell (UBC) is the only excitatory interneuron in the cerebellum. The soma is 9 to 12 µm in diameter, with a single dendrite ending in a tight…
The inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP) has two components. The larger is the restiform body, a purely afferent system, whereas the smaller juxtarestiform body carries both afferent and efferent fibers. The…
A wide hollow within the anterior cerebellum is occupied by the pons and upper medulla oblongata, which are separated from the cerebellum by the fourth ventricle. Posteriorly, there is a…
The lateral boundaries are formed on each side from above down by the superior cerebellar peduncle, the inferior cerebellar peduncle, and the cuneate and gracile tubercles. Roof of Fourth Ventricle….
Cerebral palsy is a clinical diagnosis. Delays in developmental milestones are usually the earliest clue. Milestones acquired do not show regression. Other early signs include hand preference, prominent fisting, persistence…
Although a neurologic disorder, it affects multiple organs, with the liver being the most common and earliest affected. Approximately 40% of newly diagnosed cases have hepatic involvement. Neurologic manifestations include…
Certain features may suggest a nonorganic basis for the movement disorder. Features in the history that raise this possibility are the abrupt onset of symptoms and their marked variability in…
