Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Approach to L5–S1
(1) Cedars-Sinai Spine Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA The patient is placed in the supine position on a Jackson table with an inflatable bag under the lumbar spine in…
Laparoscopic Approach to the L3–L4 and L4–L5 Intervertebral Discs
, Sanjay Ghosh2 and Srinath Samudrala3 (1) University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA (2) SENTA Clinic, San Diego, CA, USA (3) The Spine Institute at Glendale…
Anterior Extraperitoneal Midline Incision of L2–S1
(1) Marina Spine Center, Marina del Rey, CA, USA 1. Position the patient supine on the table, the lower lumbar spine at the level of the kidney rests. …
Microcervical Foraminotomy: An Alternative Posterior Technique for Intractable Radicular Pain
(1) University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA Microcervical foraminotomy (MCF) is the term used by this author to specifically define a posterior microsurgical technique that has…
Video Endoscopic Approach to the Thoracic Spine
(1) Cedars-Sinai Spine Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA An anterior approach is optimal for many disease processes of the thoracic spine. These approaches have required a posterolateral thoracotomy to…
Eleventh Rib Approach
(1) Marina Spine Center, Marina del Rey, CA, USA 1. Make a standard skin incision over the entire length of the left 11th rib. Extend the incision from the…
Costotransversectomy
(1) Marina Spine Center, Marina del Rey, CA, USA The costotransversectomy is a thoracic spine approach that can be made in one of two positions: prone [1 , 2]…
Ventral Approaches to the Clivus, C1, and C2
and H. Alan Crockard1 (1) Department of Surgical Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, England Lesions placed anterior to the neuraxis are best approached anteriorly to minimize traction and…
Minimally Invasive Approach to Posterior Occiput to C2
Fig. 40.1 (a, b) Posterior cervical anatomy Fig. 40.2 (a, b) The vertebral artery is found 3 cm away from the midline on the lateral trajectory to the C1 posterior…
Trans-Eleventh Rib Extrapleural Approach
(1) Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan The trans-11th rib extrapleural approach is less traumatic to the respiratory system1 and has the advantage that a patient does not…
