Fig. 9.1 Meta-analysis of the effects of breastfeeding on cognitive development. Numbers indicate co-variate-adjusted mean differences (and 95 % confidence intervals) for matched composite observations across 11 different studies. Reprinted from Anderson…
Fig. 1.1 Breastfeeding and general intelligence: mediation and moderation From this pattern of “transactions”, we conclude that exposure (breastfeeding) affects the outcome (general intelligence) by influencing mediator 1 (brain growth inferred…
Fig. 3.1 An individual and his/her internal, social and physical environments Because the cells of various tissues are exposed to hundreds of small molecules (metabolites), hormones and enzymes circulating through the…
Fig. 5.1 Agouti mice. From Morgan et al. (1999) Such trans-generational epigenetic transmission is likely to vary with the number of subsequent generations. For example, certain epigenetic modifications of histones in…
Fig. 6.1 Genome, Transcriptome, Proteome, Metabolome and Lipidome (from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidomics). Transcriptome refers to the collection of all genes expressed in a given tissue at a given time. Similarly, a proteome is…
Fig. 2.1 (a) Number of citations per year indexed by Medline from 1966 to 2005 under subject headings related to important non-infectious, neuropsychiatric, infectious and sexually transmitted diseases. (b) Number of…
The levels of the MRC scale are precisely defined, but not linear. It is a common error to believe the MRC grades are evenly spaced and that grade 5 is…
FIGURE 13.1 The layers of the retina and their relationship to the optic nerve. The inner limiting membrane is the most superficial structure; light must pass through the other layers…
