Spinal Robotics
Fig. 7.1 SpineAssist setup. Preoperative CT-based planning of the transpedicular screws (a), intraoperative oblique fluoroscopy for referencing the SpineAssist robot (b), SpineAssist positioned on the bed mount angulating the screw…
Neurotransplantation and the Restoration of Motor Behavior in Parkinson’s Disease
Fig. 4.1 Schemes of the dorsal loop of the BG. (a) The BG circuitry in normal brain. (b) The BG with degeneration of DA neurons in the SNc and with…
Preoperative Visualization of the Facial Nerve Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging Fibre Tracking in Patients with Large Vestibular Schwannomas
Fig. 12.1 Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based fibre tracking of the facial nerve (FN) using commercially available software for navigational surgical planning. Fibre tracking findings are fused with anatomical images, acquired…
Treatment of Meningiomas Involving the Optic Nerve Sheath
Patients with ONSM Total patients 24 Mean age at diagnosis 44.24 years (14–69 years) Gender ratio (M:F) 3:21 (1:7) Laterality Left 13, right 9, bilateral 2 NF-2 2 patients M:F…
General Description of Cerebral Infarction
Fig. 2.1 Angiographic anatomy of the right internal carotid artery Fig. 2.2 Angiographic anatomy of the vertebrobasilar system Inside the skull, each internal carotid artery bifurcates to form the anterior cerebral artery…
Cerebral Haemorrhage
Fig. 9.1 Very acute phase of intraparenchymal haemorrhage of the posterior limb of the left internal capsule (oxyhaemoglobin) occurring during a hypertensive crisis. The haematoma is hyperdense (a) on CT scan…
Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Fig. 1.1 MRI FLAIR and T2* sequences 24 h after onset of left middle cerebral artery infarction. Cerebral oedema is hyperintense on the FLAIR sequence (a star). Deep focal haemorrhagic transformation is…
Radiological Differential Diagnosis of Cerebral Infarction
Fig. 12.1 Four grades of leukoaraiosis according to Brant-Zawadzki’s classification in 4 different patients. Grade 1 a occasional frontal periventricular hyperintensities. Grade 2 b hyperintensities visible in the occipital horns. Grade…
Rare Cerebral Angiopathies
Fig. 7.1 Cerebral vasculitis in a 50-year-old female with a history of TIA. MRI FLAIR sequence (a arrows): focal white matter hyperintensities. Left thalamic hypointensity on T2* sequence (b hollow arrow)…
Territory Infarction
Fig. 3.1 Right superficial middle cerebral artery infarction: hyperintense signal on diffusion-weighted imaging (a and b) with embolic material from irregular stenosis of the right carotid artery (c, cerebral MR angiography:…
