Anatomy of Intraoperative Monitoring
Fig. 2.1 The human body in anatomic position The human body has a line of symmetry that bisects the body into right and left equal halves. This line of symmetry…
Electroencephalography
Fig. 10.1 Schematic of a differential amplifier used for EEG recording. The output of a differential amplifier is the difference between the two inputs Discovery of EEG Hans Berger, a…
Monitoring Procedures of the Spine
Fig. 12.1 (a) Lateral view and (b) posterior view of the spine. The cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae are separated by a cartilaginous disc that provides cushioning and allows for…
Introduction to the Operating Room
Fig. 1.1 An example of a road sign directing traffic toward the nearest hospital If this is your first trip to a new hospital, be familiar with the entry requirements…
Spinal Cord Stimulation: Principles and Applications
Fig. 21.1 Square pulse commonly used for spinal cord stimulation which is dependent on amplitude and pulse width The pulse or stimulation rate can be manipulated to create distinct pulses….
Peripheral Nerve Monitoring
Fig. 17.1 Anatomical organization of a peripheral nerve. With kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media: Sunderland S. A classification of peripheral nerve injuries producing loss of function. Brain. 1951;74:491–516 Nerve…
Electrophysiology and Bioinstrumentation
Fig. 4.1 Electrical stimulation is accomplished with simple square pulses, either monophasic or biphasic in nature. The pulses are described by their intensity (current) and pulse duration (time). The total…
Cellular Neurophysiology
Fig. 3.1 The neuron Neuronal Membrane Like all mammalian cell membranes, the neuronal membrane is constructed of a phospholipid bilayer conferring upon the membrane the property of selective permeability (Fig….
