and Mario Di Napoli1 (1) Neurological Service, S. Camillo de’ Lellis General Hospital, Rieti, Italy Original Settings Sensitivity was 20 µV/division. Sweep speed, low frequency filter, high-frequency filter, duration of pulse,…
Fig. 7.1 (a) A simplified diagram of the tight blood–brain barrier (BBB) which separates blood from the extracellular fluid (ECF) of brain parenchyma. Very tight cell membranes prevent proteins from…
Fig. 4.1 Section stained for macrophage marker shows the presence of macrophages within the lesion border White matter lesions in the brains and spinal cords of patients with progressive MS…
Drug Proposed mechanism of action Frequent or serious side effects Baclofen GABA analogue which binds to GABAB receptors with consequent inhibition of spinal reflexes Sedation, weakness, hallucinations, mood and sleep…
Fig. 6.1 Simulated data demonstrating how cross-sectional data (a) may not reveal an association (in this case positive) with time that is clearly seen with longitudinal data (b). Measurement values…
Characteristics of the placebo cohorts at baseline in the seven SPMS phase III RCTs Baseline variable (reference) European-SPMS NA- SPMS SPECTRIMS IMPACT Nordic-SPMS MIMS ESIMS IFNB-1b sc [18] IFNB-1b sc…
Study N Time to EDSS endpoint 3 4 6 7 8 10 Cottrell [5] 216 4 5 8 15 18 34 Tremlett et al. [18] 352 13.3 Andersson et al….
Fig. 10.1 The first electron microscopic images showing what the authors termed “abortive remyelination” – spontaneous myelin repair – at the edge of a multiple sclerosis plaque (Reproduced with permission…
Fig. 5.1 Potential mechanisms of axonal injury in progressive MS 5.4.1 Inflammation Inflammatory mediators have long been implicated in the pathophysiology of MS [35]. A variety of cellular and soluble…
Extrinsic structural lesions causing spinal cord compromise Degenerative cervical spine disease/cervical spondylosis Extrinsic tumor such as meningioma (Epidural abscess) Intrinsic structural lesions causing spinal cord compromise Syringomyelia Intrinsic tumor of…
