The Ventricular System
(1) Division of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 1.1 Historical Aspects The first description of the human ventricular system was made in the third…
Beyond the Third Ventricle: Suprasellar Arachnoid Cyst
(1) Division of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 6.1 Introduction Suprasellar arachnoid cysts (SACs) are benign congenital collections of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), accounting for…
Beyond the Third Ventricle: Hydranencephaly
(1) Division of Neurosurgery, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil 7.1 Introduction Hydranencephaly (HE) is a rare, mostly isolated abnormality, which is reported to affect about…
Autism and Dopamine
Fig. 11.1 Electrical stimulation (black bar, 25 pulses at 50 Hz, 200 µA) of the a) Purkinje cell layer (PCL) or b) dentate nucleus (DN) evokes a long lasting increase in medial…
Reelin, GABA, FMRP, and Autism
Fig. 16.1 The Reelin signaling cascade. Reelin binds to its extracellular receptors APOER2, VLDLR and α3β1 integrin resulting in clustering of the receptors and ephrin B proteins (ENFBs). This clustering…
Neuroimaging in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Fig. 7.1 Shen et al. showed how infants and toddlers who were subsequently diagnosed with ASD had greater total cerebral volumes (after removing non brain tissue) and increased rates of growth,…
Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Opportunity and Challenge in the Genetics Clinic
Fig. 4.1 The causes of autism spectrum disorders In current clinical practice, the diagnosis of ASDs is purely based on the behavioral assessment using various standardized screening or diagnostic tools….
Molecular Basis of Cholinergic Changes in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Relevance for Treatment Interventions
Fig. 15.1 Nicotinic receptors. Graphic presentation of homomeric and heteromeric receptors and their location. Most functional nAChRs contain more than one subunit, and are therefore heteromeric. The different subunit combinations…
The Neuropathology of Autism
Fig. 8.1 Periventricular germinal cells line the ventricular cavity, seen at the bottom of the image. Asymmetric divisions of germinal cells provide for daughter cells that migrate to the cortex…
Increased Vulnerability to Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism
Fig. 20.1 Mechanism of generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Leaked electrons from mitochondrial ETC complexes I and III react with molecular oxygen to produce superoxide (first free…
