© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017Norbert Weidner, Rüdiger Rupp and Keith E. Tansey (eds.)Neurological Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury10.1007/978-3-319-46293-6_20 20. The Current Status of Neuroprotection for Spinal Cord Injury Andrea J. Santamaria1 and James D. Guest2 (1) The Miami Project…
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017Norbert Weidner, Rüdiger Rupp and Keith E. Tansey (eds.)Neurological Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury10.1007/978-3-319-46293-6_19 19. Pathophysiology of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Sebastien Couillard-Despres1 , Lara Bieler1 and Michael Vogl1 (1) Paracelsus Medical University, Institute of…
Stage Description Stage 1 Non–blanchable erythema of intact skin Intact skin with a localized area of non-blanchable erythema, which may appear differently in darkly pigmented skin. Presence of blanchable erythema…
Patient-reported symptom assessments Penn Spasm Frequency Scale Spinal cord injury spasticity evaluation tool (SCI-SET) Patient-reported impact of spasticity measure (PRISM) Clinical assessments of tone Ashworth and modified Ashworth Resistance to…
Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Nociceptive pain Musculoskeletal pain For example Articular trouble/joint pain Fracture-associated pain Spasm-related muscle pain Back pain/lumbago Pain related to heterotopic ossification Visceral pain For…
Category Examples Recommended diagnostics Structural abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord Spinal cord compression from neoplasm or spondylosis, tethered cord syndrome, spinal cord arteriovenous malformation MRI of entire neuraxis…
Country Year Prevalence (cases/million population) USA [6] 2013 906 Canada [7] 2010 1298 Norway [8] 2002 365 Finland [9] 1999 280 Australia [10] 1997 681 Germany [11] 2015 500 France…
Fig. 4.1 Schematic illustration of skin sympathetic nerve activity. Skin sympathetic nerve activity mainly includes sudomotor nerve activity governing the sweat glands and vasoconstrictive nerve activity innervating the skin arteriolar…
Dementia Alzheimer disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease, etc. Cerebrovascular disorders Cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, etc. Extrapyramidal disorders Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease,…
Fig. 5.1 Pathway of arterial baroreflex. The square area is illustrated in Fig. 5.2 in detail (See the text for the mechanism) Fig. 5.2 Pathway of arterial baroreflex in the brain…
