To be evaluated Evaluation tools Objective measure Subjective measure Test Prognostic tool Rating scales Questionnaires Pain and cold sensitivity Rosén Score – a tool to assess functioning and pain of patients suffering…
Neurosensory recovery based upon Sunderland classification Need for surgery Sunderland Recovery pattern Rate of recovery I Complete Fast (days–weeks) None II Complete Slow (weeks) None III Variable Slow (weeks–months) Maybe…
Fig. 5.1 The modern operating microscope with the optical beam splitter 5.2.2 The Retractor-Integrated Endoscope Minimally invasive surgical methods are becoming increasingly popular. Post-traumatic nerve lesions are frequently, if not…
EMG finding Occurrence/cause Timing Normal Central nervous system lesion (e.g., intracranial hemorrhage) Always Not a severe nerve lesion Until the occurrence of pathological spontaneous activity Pathologic spontaneous activity Axonotmesis, neurotmesis,…
Fig. 3.1 Algorithm of the diagnostic and therapeutic steps and treatment strategies for nerve injury The complex challenge of nerve repair and reconstruction, including additional steps that may become necessary,…
Fig. 1.1 Schematic diagram of a normal nerve (Illustration by Lena Julie Freund, Aachen, Germany) The first sensory neurons are situated in the dorsal root ganglia, which are located in…
Fig. 10.1 The regeneration process occurring when a peripheral nerve gap has been bridged with a hollow nerve guidance channel can be divided into two main phases (a, b). (a)…
Fig. 4.1 Intraoperative view of a gunshot injury to the sciatic nerve. (a) Scar tissue involving the nerve. (b) After external neurolysis the main trunk of the nerve as well…
Score Description 1 No rehabilitation at all or less than once per week 2 Rehabilitation more than once weekly, but not at a specialized centre 3 Good progress with a…
Fig. 6.1 Flowchart of the University of Michigan Neonatal Brachial Plexus Palsy (NBPP) pathway of presurgery decision-making. US Ultrasound, MRI Magnet Resonance Imaging, MUAP Motor Unit Action Potential 6.3 Challenges…
