Status Epilepticus in Critically Ill Children
Type of status epilepticus Time 1 (Treatment started) (min) Time 2 (Consequences expected) Tonic-clonic 5 30 min Focal with impaired consciousness 10 >60 min Absence 15 Unknown Adapted from Trinka…
Treatment of Refractory and Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus
Fig. 17.1 Suggested algorithm for the selection of 3rd–5th line anti-seizure drugs for treatment of refractory status epilepticus. ASD anti-seizure drug Table 17.1 Non-anesthetic anti-seizure drug options for the treatment of refractory…
Periodic EEG Patterns
Fig. 5.1 Examples of periodic and rhythmic waveforms. EEG is displayed in a longitudinal bipolar montage. Filter settings and scale are shown in the figure. a Left temporoparietal lateralized periodic discharges…
Status Epilepticus in Neonates
(1) Neurology, Division of Pediatric and Developmental Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children’s Hospital, 660 South Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA …
Clinical Presentations of Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus
Artifactual Rhythmic, regular or paroxysmal muscle movement, ECG, or ballistocardiographic artifacts Physiologic rhythmic patterns or patterns of nonepileptic significance Rhythmic midtemporal theta of drowsiness Subclinical rhythmic epileptiform discharges of adults…
Designing New Studies in Status Epilepticus
Stage Treatment threshold Treatment Response criterion Prophylaxis Periodic discharges lasting ≥1 min Start maintenance therapy with ASD #1 No progression to seizures 1st line therapy Single seizure lasting ≥1 min (with any…
Pediatric Status Epilepticus: Initial Management and the Special Syndromes of Status Epilepticus in Children
Axis 1: Semiology (A) With prominent motor symptoms A.1: Convulsive SE (CSE) A.2: Myoclonic SE A.3: Focal motor SE A.4: Tonic SE A.5: Hyperkinetic SE (B) Without prominent motor symptoms…
Imaging in Status Epilepticus
Fig. 6.1 Computed tomography (CT) scan of a 16-year-old girl with an earlier history of pansinusitis and a left frontal cerebritis and abscess who had undergone surgical treatment and presents 4 months…
Unusual Causes of Status Epilepticus
Stroke, including hemorrhagic Low antiepileptic drug levels Alcohol withdrawal Drug withdrawal (benzodiazepine, barbiturate) Anoxic brain injury Metabolic disturbances Infection (bacterial meningitis, herpes encephalitis, brain abscess) Traumatic brain injury Brain neoplasm…
Clinical Consequences of Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus
Fig. 9.1 Magnetic resonance imaging alterations (a–c) in brain atrophy after severe super-refractory status epilepticus. LEV levetiracetam; VPA valproic acid; LCS lacosamide; PROP propofol; MDZ midazolam; TPM topiramate; MRI magnetic resonance…
