2 Applied and Radiological Anatomy of the Epidural Space for Spinal Endoscopy Jatinder S. Gill 2.1 Introduction The epidural space forms an interface between the thecal sac and the bony…
9 Sacral Hiatus Epiduroscopic Approach Paulo Pereira and Pedro Monteiro 9.1 Introduction In the same way as for lumbar epidural steroid injections, different surgical approaches are possible for epiduroscopy, namely,…
7 Epiduroscopic Surgical Tools Günter Schütze 7.1 Introduction The requirements for clinical use of spinal endoscopy medical products for diagnostics and therapy of neuraxial pain syndromes are regulated by the…
10 Transforaminal and Interlaminar Approaches in Epiduroscopy Alan David Kaye, Diana Mekler, Adam Shomstein, and Richard D. Urman 10.1 Introduction An important indication for epiduroscopy has been to further address…
21 Transforaminal Epiduroscopic Laser Annuloplasty for Diskogenic Pain Victor P. Lo, Jongsun Lee, Ashley E. Brown, Alissa Redko, and Daniel H. Kim 21.1 Introduction Pain in the lower back can…
17 Spinal Epiduroscopic Mechanical Adhesiolysis Kent H. Nouri 17.1 Indications Endoscopic adhesiolysis is built on the principle that by safely utilizing flexible fiberoptic catheters to access the epidural space via…
11 Epiduroscopic Images of Spinal Anatomy Dae Hyun Jo and Jee Youn Moon 11.1 Introduction Epiduroscopy has become a popular procedure for patients with low back pain and/or leg pain….
16 Step-by-Step Epiduroscopic Techniques Shiraz Yazdani and Salahadin Abdi 16.1 Introduction Chronic, radicular lower back pain remains one of the most challenging symptoms to properly diagnose and treat. Although imaging…
18 Spinal Epiduroscopic Laser Therapy Jae Do Kim and Gun Woo Lee 18.1 Introduction Epiduroscopic procedure for the management of spine-related problems is one of the most commonly performed interventions;…
4 Anatomic Origin of Spinal Pain and Clinical Presentations YiLi Zhou 4.1 Introduction Approximately 80% of adults experience back pain at some point in their lives. The following anatomic structures…
