Summary of Key Points • Ankylosing spondylitis is a disabling seronegative spondyloarthropathy that results in progressively worsening back pain related to spinal deformity and may cause neurologic deficit. • Inflammation…
Summary of Key Points • For a diagnosis of cauda equina syndrome (CES), one or more of the following must be present: (1) bladder or bowel dysfunction, (2) reduced sensation…
Summary of Key Points • Scheuermann kyphosis is the most common cause of hyperkyphosis in adolescence. • There appears to be a major genetic contribution to the etiology. • The…
Summary of Key Points • Radiosurgery is safe and effective with durable symptomatic response and local control for even radioresistant histologies, regardless of prior fractionated radiotherapy. • The ability to…
Summary of Key Points • Biologic cell therapy for disc repair offers a minimally invasive and motion preserving alternative to fusion or total disc replacement in an attempt to address…
Summary of Key Points • The Harrington rod system was the first internal fixation device that enabled deformity correction. Since its introduction, numerous advances have been made that improve the…
Summary of Key Points • Recurrent lumbar disc herniations are not uncommon, occurring at a rate of 5% to 15% following microdiscectomy surgery. • The clinical presentation in a patient…
Summary of Key Points • Osteoporosis and consequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures are a major source of mortality and morbidity in the elderly population. • Screening for osteoporosis is based…
Summary of Key Points • Thoracoscopic access to the anterior spine should be considered as an alternative minimally invasive access approach to traditional open and mini-open access procedures. • Thoracoscopy…
Summary of Key Points • Cervical spondylosis is present radiographically in nearly 95% of the population by age 65. • Intervertebral disc desiccation initiates the cascade of cervical spondylosis. •…
