Summary of Key Points • The term osteointegration has been used in both structural (morphologic) and functional (physiologic) senses. • Titanium implants generally have a better biocompatibility and osteoconductivity than…
Summary of Key Points • Spinal biologics can alter the existing biologic environment to enhance specific cellular/molecular activity in order to further a clinical goal by facilitating osteoinduction, osteoconduction, and/or…
Summary of Key Points • Mechanical performance of a bone graft is a function of the intrinsic property of the graft and the properties of the graft-host interface. • Bone…
Summary of Key Points • Intervertebral disc degeneration is very common and is associated with significant costs to the American health care system. • Normal aging and degeneration of the…
Summary of Key Points • In general, modeling alludes to bone turnover that alters the shape of the bone, whereas remodeling is the turnover that recycles bone without changing its…
Summary of Key Points • Unlike other musculoskeletal disorders, the etiology of back pain is often difficult to determine and lacks clear indications and criteria for surgical or nonsurgical intervention….
Summary of Key Points • A dynamic lumbar function that includes a tethered nerve root can create significant stretch or compression. Nerve roots have a limited ability for excursion secondary…
Summary of Key Points • Clinical and neurobiologic studies support mechanical deformity of the spinal cord as an important cause of myelopathy. • Static and dynamic elongation and displacement of…
Summary of Key Points • The ideal graft to promote successful arthrodesis has strong osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive properties. • Autograft, allograft, demineralized bone matrix, xenograft, ceramics, or any of…
Summary of Key Points • To avoid neurologic complications in high-risk patients, steroids may be used before incision and continued for 24 hours after surgery. • In patients with severe…
