Partially Empty Sella
Introduction The empty sella turcica was first described in 1949 as a condition where the sella turcica is only partially filled by the pituitary gland, which appears flattened against the…
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Introduction Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare, usually monophasic, immunologically mediated inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with characteristic polyfocal involvement of the neuroaxis on imaging. It…
Hemangioblastoma
Background Hemangioblastoma is a vascular tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). It most commonly occurs within or on the surface of the cerebellum and represents the most common primary…
Treated Gliomas
Introduction Due to the wide array of available accepted therapies, as well as the increasing number of experimental treatments undergoing clinical trials for the management of glial neoplasms, the task…
Rathke Cleft Cyst
Introduction Rathke cleft cysts are cystic sellar and suprasellar lesions arising from remnants of the embryonic Rathke pouch, a structure of ectodermal origin that folds superiorly from the pharynx during…
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)
Introduction Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disorder of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) without apparent inciting etiology. Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) is also a commonly accepted term describing the same disorder….
Intracranial Hypotension
Introduction Intracranial hypotension is a clinical manifestation of low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume or pressure caused by a dural CSF leak. It is usually precipitated by dural injury from an…
Central Nervous System–Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Introduction Central nervous system–immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (CNS-IRIS) represents a diverse group of disorders, all of which are characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response to either a dead or dying…
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome
Introduction Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) refers to a potentially reversible neurotoxic state occurring in association with vasogenic cerebral edema. Although the reported age range varies between 4 and 90…
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Introduction Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an opportunistic subacute demyelinating infection of the central nervous system (CNS) first described in 1958. The causative agent is the polyomavirus JC that has…
