Abstract Genetics explain 60–85% and 31–50% of the risk to develop, respectively, bipolar disorder (BD) (1, 2) and major depressive disorder (MDD) (3, 4). Thus, hereditability has emerged as a…
Abstract Glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the main brain excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are involved in neural migration, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity (1–6). There are accumulating…
Abstract Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are likely to be etiologically diverse, resulting from the contributions of multiple pathophysiologic processes present in affected individuals to varying degrees….
Abstract Bipolar disorder (BD) is a major psychiatric illness which is thought to have strong biological underpinnings. A biological basis for BD is exemplified by a strong heritability of the…
Abstract Unipolar depression, also known as unipolar or major depressive disorder (MDD), is a globally prevalent psychiatric disorder characterized by persistent sadness and a loss of interest in normally enjoyable…
Abstract In recent years, there has been tremendous support for working toward the RDoC goals of identifying the neurobiological mechanisms that cut across or are common to multiple psychiatric disorders….
Abstract Mood disorders, including bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), are serious and often-recurring psychiatric conditions that commonly first manifest during childhood or adolescence (1, 2). Youth with…
Abstract Over the past three decades, numerous cross-sectional neuroimaging studies have reported neuroanatomical abnormalities in patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy volunteers. These studies have highlighted those anatomical regions…
Abstract Depressive disorders are common conditions with a life prevalence of 15% in high-income countries (1) and significant economic implications for individuals and society. Major depressive disorders have negative repercussions…
Abstract Mood disorders are the most common mental illnesses with a lifetime prevalence of up to 20% worldwide (1). Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are significant health…
