7.1 Multiple Sclerosis (Synonym: Disseminated sclerosis) Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that involves demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) with resultant neurologic…
Brain tumors may originate from neural elements within the brain or they may represent spread of distant cancers. Gliomas, metastases, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, and acoustic neuromas account for 95% of…
2.1 Imaging Findings of Various Calvarial Bone Lesions CT and MRI have been incorporated into the basic imaging tools for evaluating calvarial lesions with their increasing frequency. Therefore, it is…
5.1 Horner’s Syndrome Horner’s syndrome is an interruption of the sympathetic supply to the eye. It is characterized by miosis with a pupil that is slow to dilate, a mild…
4.1 Anosmia Anosmia denotes the complete inability to detect odors on both sides of the nose, whereas decreased ability to detect odors is known as hyposmia. There are several other…
3.1 Movements Resembling Neonatal Seizures In the newborn infant, there are several nonepileptic motor phenomena. They may be difficult to differentiate from seizures. Tremor, jitteriness, and myoclonus may be benign…
1.1 Prevalence of Neurological Diseases Prevalence (per 1,000) of neurological disorders, by cause, WHO region and mortality stratum, projections for 2005, 2015, and 2030 2005 2015 2030 Population 6,441,919,466 Number…
The cerebral blood supply is derived from the internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral arteries. The ICA on either side delivers blood to the brain through its major branches, the…
Macroscopically, the cerebrum is made up of the cerebral cortex, the subcortical white matter, and the basal ganglia, which were discussed in ▶Chapter 8. The gross structure of the cerebrum…
The brain and spinal cord are covered by three layers (meninges) of mesodermal origin: the tough dura mater is outermost, followed by the arachnoid and, lastly, the pia mater. The…
