The Ocular Motor Nerves
FIGURE 14.1 The extraocular muscles and the third nerve in the orbit. FIGURE 14.2 Actions of the extraocular muscles on the left eye. Arrows denote the main directions of action…
The Blood Supply of the Brain
FIGURE 49.1 Vascular territories. Gold, anterior cerebral artery (ACA); pink, middle cerebral artery (MCA); blue, posterior cerebral artery (PCA). (From http://rad.usuhs.edu/rad/stroke/index.html, accessed July 31, 2011, with permission). Carotid Artery Each…
Peripheral Neuroanatomy and Focal Neuropathies
FIGURE 46.1 Brachial plexus showing its various constituents and their relationship to structures in the region of the upper chest, axilla, and shoulder. The three trunks slope laterally and then…
Neck and Back Pain
FIGURE 47.1 Lateral view of the cervical spine. Shows the vertebral bodies separated by intervertebral discs, the pedicles merging into the facet joint with its superior and inferior facets, and…
The Facial Nerve
FIGURE 16.1 Components of the facial nerve in the pons. (Modified from Kiernan JA. Barr’s The Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins,…
The Deep Tendon or Muscle Stretch Reflexes
TABLE 38.2 Method of Recording the Commonly Tested Muscle Stretch Reflexes Grades 0 to 4+ (see text) used for all plantar reflex, which is down (normal), absent (0), equivocal (+/–)…
The Acoustic (Vestibulocochlear) Nerve
FIGURE 17.1 The right osseous labyrinth in the temporal bone viewed from above. FIGURE 17.2 The right osseous labyrinth, lateral view. The bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph, a thin…
The Trigeminal Nerve
FIGURE 15.1 Section through the pons at the level of the trigeminal nuclei. The Motor Portion Upper motor neuron control of trigeminal motor functions arises primarily from the lower third…
Other Musculoskeletal Disorders
FIGURE 48.1 Lippman’s test; moving the biceps tendon back and forth in the bicipital groove reproduces the pain in biceps tendonitis. (From Cipriano, JJ. Photographic Manual of Regional Orthopaedic and…
Diagnostic Reasoning and Neurologic Differential Diagnosis
Errors in clinical reasoning can lead to a variety of adverse consequences. A common error in diagnostic reasoning is accepting a diagnosis before it is fully verified (premature closure). Kassirer…
