Brain Tumors
Brain tumors are one of the more common causes of intracranial hypertension. They are subdivided into primary brain tumors, which arise from the brain tissue itself (either the neuroepithelial tissue…
Diseases of the Brain and Meninges
6.1 Congenital and Perinatally Acquired Diseases of the Brain 6.2 Traumatic Brain Injury 6.3 Intracranial Pressure 6.4 Brain Tumors 6.5 Cerebral Ischemia and Ischemic Stroke 6.6 Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage 6.7 Infectious Diseases of the Brain and Meninges…
Traumatic Brain Injury
Overview In more than half of all cases, traumatic brain injury occurs as a component of multiple trauma. The associated injuries commonly affect the face, limbs, spine, chest, abdomen, and…
Lower Limbs
Trunk Key Point The shape and range of motion of the spine are evaluated with the patient standing. Sensation is tested with the patient lying down; particular attention should be…
Sleep and Its Abnormalities
10.1 Shortened Sleep Duration and Abnormal Sleep–Wake Rhythm 10.2 Insomnia 10.3 Hypersomnia and Excessive Daytime Somnolence 10.4 Abnormal Movements in Sleep (Parasomnias) Restful? Not Quite The patient, a 50-year-old chef and restaurateur, proprietor of…
Autonomic Nervous System
Trunk Key Point The shape and range of motion of the spine are evaluated with the patient standing. Sensation is tested with the patient lying down; particular attention should be…
Cerebellar Diseases and Other Conditions Causing Ataxia
The different clinical types of ataxia can be classified in several ways: By the affected neural structure(s): Cortical cerebellar ataxia. Olivopontocerebellar ataxia. Spinocerebellar ataxia. By etiology (see also ▶ Table…
Metabolic Disorders and Systemic Diseases Affecting the Nervous System
The intense metabolic activity of the nervous system (both central and peripheral) makes it vulnerable to damage by a wide variety of metabolic disorders, both congenital (inborn errors of metabolism,…
neuropsychological and Psychiatric Examination
Degrees of impairment of consciousness, and other abnormal states of consciousness Designation Features Normal consciousness Oriented to place, time, and person (self), answers questions promptly and appropriately, follows commands correctly…
