Patient Selection 6.1.1 Pathophysiology Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) or atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) is characterized by excessive motion at the junction between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) owing to either a bony…
The far lateral approach and its variants consist of an inferior lateral suboccipital craniotomy, partial condyle resection, and C1 hemilaminectomy ( ▶ Fig. 3.1). The exposure provides an oblique and…
Patient Selection Spinal instrumentation is used to augment the treatment of traumatic, neoplastic, congenital, and degenerative disorders of the thoracic spine in circumstances where there is structural instability. Instrumentation provides…
Minimally invasive techniques have revolutionized the management of pathological conditions in various surgical disciplines and more recently have been applied to the field of spine surgery. One of the most…
The correlation of preoperative imaging studies to a patient’s anatomy during spinal surgery is essential to good outcomes in spinal surgery. Using Intraoperative plain radiographs have been used for years…
Relevant Anatomy Brachial Plexus and Arm Nerve roots from C5 to T1 contribute to the formation of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, which branches to create the radial…
Brachial plexus injury (BPI) represents a severe and debilitating peripheral nerve injury often affecting young adult population carrying significant economic and social burden. The prevalence of BPI among multitrauma victims…
First introduced by Luiz Pimenta in 2001, the retroperitoneal transpsoas minimally invasive lateral interbody fusion (MIS LIF) is a safe and effective alternative to anterior or posterior approaches for lumbar…
Corpectomy for vertebral body metastasis restores thoracic spine alignment and stability, in addition to providing decompression in the case of spinal cord compression. In addition, optimal gross debulking of tumor…
Posterior stabilization of the cervicothoracic junction presents unique challenges to the spinal surgeon. This region of the spine is an area of transition. Anatomical characteristics of the spinal cord and…
