Autonomic Nervous System
Trunk Key Point The shape and range of motion of the spine are evaluated with the patient standing. Sensation is tested with the patient lying down; particular attention should be…
Cerebellar Diseases and Other Conditions Causing Ataxia
The different clinical types of ataxia can be classified in several ways: By the affected neural structure(s): Cortical cerebellar ataxia. Olivopontocerebellar ataxia. Spinocerebellar ataxia. By etiology (see also ▶ Table…
Metabolic Disorders and Systemic Diseases Affecting the Nervous System
The intense metabolic activity of the nervous system (both central and peripheral) makes it vulnerable to damage by a wide variety of metabolic disorders, both congenital (inborn errors of metabolism,…
neuropsychological and Psychiatric Examination
Degrees of impairment of consciousness, and other abnormal states of consciousness Designation Features Normal consciousness Oriented to place, time, and person (self), answers questions promptly and appropriately, follows commands correctly…
Fundamentals
1.1 Microscopic Anatomy of the Nervous System 1.2 Elements of Neurophysiology 1.3 Elements of Neurogenetics Introduction Neurologic diseases can only be understood on the basis of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous…
The Neurologic Examination
3.1 Basic Principles of the Neurologic Examination 3.2 Stance and Gait 3.3 Head and Cranial Nerves 3.4 Upper Limbs 3.5 Trunk 3.6 Lower Limbs 3.7 Autonomic Nervous System 3.8 Neurologically Relevant Aspects of the General Physical Examination 3.9 neuropsychological…
The Clinical Interview in Neurology
2.1 General Principles of History-Taking 2.2 Special Aspects of History-Taking Is It in My Head? A 47-year-old elementary-school teacher consults a neurologist after being referred by her family physician. “Good morning. What…
Tumors of the Skull Base
Fig. 5.1 Drawings of different types and subtypes of ONSMs according to their location. For more description of each type, please refer to the text. Upper: Type I, purely intraorbital…
Vascular Lesions of the Skull Base
Fig. 6.1 Microsurgical repair of intracavernous and pericavernous aneurysms Table 6.1 Microsurgical repair of giant aneurysms (≥2 cm) (1981–2016), 35-year summary, 230 cases Location of the aneurysms No. of cases…
Trauma Traumatic Injuries of the Skull Base
Region Localisation Region I Anterior wall of the frontal sinus Region II a Lamina cribrosa Region II b Roof of the ethmoid bone Region III a Roof of the sphenoid…
