Diseases of the Autonomic Nervous System
16.1 Anatomy 16.2 Normal and Pathologic Function of the Autonomic Nervous System Bad News The patient, a 54-year-old bank manager, had been feeling “worn out” for months; she was always tired and…
Polyradiculopathy and Polyneuropathy
11.1 Fundamentals 11.2 Polyradiculitis 11.3 Polyneuropathy Suddenly Paralyzed A few days after his return from a Caribbean holiday, a 23-year-old man developed mild flulike symptoms, including a sore throat and low-grade fever. He…
Parkinson Disease and Other Hypertonic–Hypokinetic Syndromes
The common feature of diseases of the basal ganglia is a movement disorder in which there is either too much or too little movement, that is, an excess or deficiency…
Brain Tumors
Brain tumors are one of the more common causes of intracranial hypertension. They are subdivided into primary brain tumors, which arise from the brain tissue itself (either the neuroepithelial tissue…
Diseases of the Brain and Meninges
6.1 Congenital and Perinatally Acquired Diseases of the Brain 6.2 Traumatic Brain Injury 6.3 Intracranial Pressure 6.4 Brain Tumors 6.5 Cerebral Ischemia and Ischemic Stroke 6.6 Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage 6.7 Infectious Diseases of the Brain and Meninges…
Traumatic Brain Injury
Overview In more than half of all cases, traumatic brain injury occurs as a component of multiple trauma. The associated injuries commonly affect the face, limbs, spine, chest, abdomen, and…
Lower Limbs
Trunk Key Point The shape and range of motion of the spine are evaluated with the patient standing. Sensation is tested with the patient lying down; particular attention should be…
Sleep and Its Abnormalities
10.1 Shortened Sleep Duration and Abnormal Sleep–Wake Rhythm 10.2 Insomnia 10.3 Hypersomnia and Excessive Daytime Somnolence 10.4 Abnormal Movements in Sleep (Parasomnias) Restful? Not Quite The patient, a 50-year-old chef and restaurateur, proprietor of…
Cerebellar Diseases and Other Conditions Causing Ataxia
The different clinical types of ataxia can be classified in several ways: By the affected neural structure(s): Cortical cerebellar ataxia. Olivopontocerebellar ataxia. Spinocerebellar ataxia. By etiology (see also ▶ Table…
