Category Examples Recommended diagnostics Structural abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord Spinal cord compression from neoplasm or spondylosis, tethered cord syndrome, spinal cord arteriovenous malformation MRI of entire neuraxis…
Country Year Prevalence (cases/million population) USA [6] 2013 906 Canada [7] 2010 1298 Norway [8] 2002 365 Finland [9] 1999 280 Australia [10] 1997 681 Germany [11] 2015 500 France…
Fig. 4.1 Schematic illustration of skin sympathetic nerve activity. Skin sympathetic nerve activity mainly includes sudomotor nerve activity governing the sweat glands and vasoconstrictive nerve activity innervating the skin arteriolar…
Dementia Alzheimer disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease, etc. Cerebrovascular disorders Cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, etc. Extrapyramidal disorders Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease,…
Fig. 5.1 Pathway of arterial baroreflex. The square area is illustrated in Fig. 5.2 in detail (See the text for the mechanism) Fig. 5.2 Pathway of arterial baroreflex in the brain…
Fig. 9.1 Frequency-domain HRV analysis. (a) Time series of R–R intervals in a 31-year-old male subject. The time series was resampled at evenly spaced intervals (2 Hz). (b) The decomposition of…
Fig. 18.1 Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining of the epicardial nerve fascicle from controls and patients with PD. In all patients with PD (PD 1, 2, 3, 4),…
Fig. 7.1 Power spectrum of short-term HRV and frequency ranges modulated by sympathetic and vagal heart rate controls. While cardiac vagal control system can modulate heart rate in the entire…
Fig. 3.1 Impact of sympathetic nerve stimulation on hemodynamics in a dog. Random electrical stimulation with an average of 1 Hz enhanced heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, and first derivative…
Fig. 17.1 Changes in SBP and peak AFV after infusion of 4 μg/kg/min dobutamine controls and PD patients. (a) The mean change in SBP is significantly greater in the PD group…
