Fig. 13.1 Memory systems and memory stages. a Memory systems. Human memory is most commonly divided into declarative forms, with further subdivisions into episodic and semantic, and nondeclarative forms, subdivided into…
Fig. 15.1 Overview of analytical approaches in clinical research Observational Studies The value of case reports has been the subject of considerable debate among clinical researchers. Primarily, this negative attitude comes…
(I) Physiologic central apneas 1. Sleep-onset central apneas 2. Post-arousal central apneas 3. Phasic REM sleep (II) Sleep-related disorders associated with normal nocturnal carbon dioxide (A) Central sleep apnea syndromes:…
Fig. 26.1 Overnight polysomnographic (PSG) recording in a patient with upper airway obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) showing recurrent episodes of mixed apneas (initial control followed by obstructive events) during stage…
Fig. 2.1 Waking up of the giant Kumbhakarna, brother of Ravana in the great Indian epic Ramayana (circa 1000 B.C.) by hitting him with weapons and clubs, and shouting in his…
Fig. 52.1 Obstructive apnea during REM sleep (60 s PSG epoch). The event is characterized by cessation of nasal/oral (N/O) and nasal pressure (NPRE) airflow with preserved respiratory effort (THOR and ABD)….
Fig. 40.1 Polysomnographic (PSG) recording showing periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) characterized by dystonic and dystonic–myoclonic electromyographic (EMG) bursts in left (LT) and right (RT) tibialis (TIBIA) and gastrocnemius (GAST)…
Fig. 21.1 Cerebral glucose metabolism (CGM) and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) during deep NREM sleep (first column), REM sleep (second column), and wakefulness (third column). Row a CGM quantified in…
Fig. 45.1 Combined facsimile of scans in nine cases with global cessation of dreaming caused by deep frontal lesions, illustrating the strong involvement of the white matter surrounding the frontal horns…
Fig. 5.1 Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings of vigilance states (wake, NREM sleep, and REM sleep) in the rat and human. Wake in both species is characterized by cortical activation, of largely low-amplitude/fast-frequency…
