7 Short or Long Posterior Fusion: Determining the Extent of Fixation Luiz Roberto Vialle, Emiliano Vialle, Joana B.C.R. Guasque, and Luiz Gustavo Dal Oglio Rocha Introduction Thoracolumbar fractures (TLFs) are…
8 Burst Fracture Treatment F. Cumhur Oner and J.J. Verlaan Introduction First described by Nicoll in the 1950s as a separate entity, the burst fracture has become an umbrella concept…
3 Posterior Minimally Invasive Surgery in Thoracolumbar Fractures Matti Scholz, Philipp Schleicher, and Frank Kandziora Introduction Several surgical techniques are available for the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures, such as isolated…
9 Differentiating Lumbar Fractures from Thoracolumbar Fractures Jonathan Belding, Darrel S. Brodke, and Brandon D. Lawrence Introduction Nearly 90% of spinal fractures due to trauma occur in the thoracolumbar region….
10 Thoracolumbar Fracture Fixation in the Osteoporotic Patient Theodore J. Choma Introduction With the continuing aging of the population,1 spine surgeons must consider the unique issues involved with caring for…
1 The AOSpine Thoracolumbar Injury Classification Adam J. Bevevino, Alexander R. Vaccaro, and Robyn Rubenstein Introduction Fractures of the spinal column are a common musculoskeletal injury, occurring nearly 150,000 times…
6 Transpedicular and Costotransversectomy Approaches for Trauma: Indications and Techniques Richard J. Bransford, Alireza K. Anissipour, Zachary A. Child, and Carlo Bellabarba Introduction Approximately 160,000 patients per year in the…
Model χ 2 df TLI CFI RMSEA Adults sample (N = 467) One factor 281.389 14 0.602 0.734 0.202 Orthogonal two factor 78.263 14 0.904 0.936 0.099 Correlated two factor…
Percent Gender Female 50.0 Male 50.0 Migrant No 86.0 Yes, Western country 5.0 Yes, non-Western country 9.0 Education Max. 10 years 32.1 11–14 years 35.7 15 or more years…
Assumptions regarding Pathogenesis Salutogenesis Self-regulation of the system Homeostasis Overcoming heterostasis Mechanistic Organic Definition of health and disease Dichotomy Continuum Scope of the concept of health Pathology of disease Resistance…
