Hyponatremia
(1) Departments of Internal Medicine & Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Hyponatremia represents a state of excess total body water in relation to body…
Hypercalcemia
(1) Departments of Internal Medicine & Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Hypercalcemia is elevated serum calcium level >10.2 mg/dL. It is usually due to…
Introduction to Movement Disorders
(1) Departments of Internal Medicine & Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Movement disorders refer to any disruption of voluntary movement including involuntary muscle activity,…
Hyperprolactinemia
(1) Departments of Internal Medicine & Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Hyperprolactinemia is a state of elevated levels of serum prolactin (PRL). The prevalence…
Tachycardia and Myocarditis
(1) Departments of Internal Medicine & Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Tachyarrhythmias are defined as rhythms with a heart rate >100 beats/min. Sinus tachycardia…
Peripheral Edema
(1) Departments of Internal Medicine & Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Introduction Edema is a clinical apparent increase in interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid…
Diabetes Mellitus and Acute Hyperglycemia
(1) Departments of Internal Medicine & Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Diabetes mellitus (DM) prevalence is reported as high as 10% in the general…
Introduction to Blood Cell Disorders
(1) Departments of Internal Medicine & Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Many drugs besides psychotropic medications are associated with hematologic abnormalities. One or more…
Non-QT Conduction Abnormalities
(1) Departments of Internal Medicine & Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Atrioventricular (AV) block is an interruption in the normal conduction of impulses from…
