Figure 6.1 Low-contrast letter acuity chart (low-contrast Sloan letter chart, Precision Vision, LaSalle, IL). * These charts have a standardized format based on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study visual…
Figure 1.1 Testing smell Optic nerve (cranial nerve 2) Visual acuity Ask if the patient has any difficulty seeing. Visual acuity (VA) is tested and measured routinely by using a…
Figure 11.1 The peripheral reflex pathway Table 11.1 Common focal peripheral nerve disorders Nerve Main site Mechanism Main Cause Clinical Features Median wrist entrapment carpal tunnel syndrome, leprosy pain, tingling…
Cryptococcus neoformansMycobacterium tuberculosisToxoplasma gondiiCytomegalovirusJC virus (progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy)Tumours Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL) meningitismeningitis, *FND, paraplegia*FNDretinitis, radiculopathy, encephalitisquadriplegia, encephalopathy*FND <100(0-500)<100<50<100<100 10-20%1-10%5-15%1-1.5%uncommon<1% Direct HIV infection (0-200) 40-70% HIV associated dementia (HAD)vacuolar myelopathydistal…
Figure 7.1 Brain in Cerebral Malaria (CM) Clinical features The first symptoms of cerebral malaria in adults include fever, headache, myalgia, malaise followed by progressive drowsiness, confusion, delirium, stupor and…
Figure 2.1 Main sites of neurological disorders MOTOR SYSTEM CNS The motor system in the CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, beginning in the motor cortex and extending…
complex partialsecondary generalized tonic–clonic not impairedimpairedloss of consciousness Generalized onset seizures (30%) absencemyoclonicprimary generalized tonic-clonic impairednot clinically impairedloss of consciousness CLASSIFICATION EPIDEMIOLOGY Epilepsy is defined as the tendency to have…
Figure 12.1 Testing for afferent and efferent pupillary disorders A.normal: both pupils constricted B.efferent defect: shine torch in affected eye (dilated pupil): light is perceived but affected pupil is unable…
extramedullary neurofibroma, meningioma intramedullary astrocytoma, ependymoma, tuberculoma, schistosome ova, syringomyelia Non compressive transverse myelopathy viral infections, HIV, TB, syphilis, HTLV-1, Devic’s disease nutritional konzo, lathyrism, tropical ataxic neuropathy vascular sickle…
(examine for the following) Comments STEP 1 level of consciousness most important of all assessments(repeat at regular intervals, usually every 15 mins) STEP 2 signs of HI lacerations, bruising or…
