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The cervical spine is composed of seven vertebrae, which articulate in a manner that supports head and neck movement, axial cranial loads, and maintenance of horizontal gaze while providing structural…
Posterior cervical osteotomies are powerful surgical techniques utilized by spine surgeons to treat rigid cervical spinal deformity. Two main types of posterior osteotomy include the Smith-Petersen osteotomy (SPO) and pedicle…
History and Background Starting with the early clinical series of Roy-Camille in the 1960s 1,2,3,4,5,6 and gaining popularity in the 1980s, pedicle screw fixation has been used in the thoracolumbar…
Clinical Presentation Normally the head is centered over the pelvis in both the sagittal and coronal planes. Clinical examination of the cervical deformity patient should include a visual assessment of…
Craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is the region around the skull base and the upper cervical spine (atlas and axis), along with its neurovascular components, including the brain stem, spinal cord, vertebral…
The cervical spine is a complex bony and ligamentous region divided anatomically into the subaxial spine (C3–C7) and the occipitocervical junction (occiput to C2). 1 Deformities that affect the cervical…
The majority of cervical deformities in adults are kyphotic, and such sagittal plane deformities can produce pronounced symptoms and significant disability. Cervical deformity may result from a number of pathologies…
Upper thoracic osteotomy, which is less common than cervical and thoracolumbar osteotomy, can be performed for correction of cervicothoracic junction (CTJ) kyphosis and proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) after thoracolumbar fusion….
Description of Cervical Osteotomy Classification System The cervical osteotomy classification system provides a common nomenclature to more effectively and objectively communicate the type of surgical resection(s) performed. It is not…
