Motor Control Theory and Brain-Machine Interfaces
Fig. 4.1 Co-contraction 4.2.3 Joint Stiffness When joint position moves with the same contraction level, restoring force is generated as shown in Fig. 4.2. Fig. 4.2 Force generation The magnitude…
Electrocorticographic Brain–Machine Interfaces for Motor and Communication Control
fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging, NIRS near-infrared spectroscopy, EEG electroencephalogram, MEG magnetoencephalography, LFP local field potential Basic technologies such as neural decoding are needed for functional restoration using BMIs. Especially…
Context-Dependent Formation and Retrieval of Human Motor Memories
Fig. 16.1 Crosstalk in bimanual visuomotor learning (modified from [7]). (a) Participants performed bimanual reaching movements and the cursor’s position reflected the movement of the right hand (this was explicitly…
Testing Cognition and Rehabilitation in Unilateral Neglect with Wedge Prism Adaptation: Multiple Interplays Between Sensorimotor Adaptation and Spatial Cognition
Fig. 20.1 Prism adaptation. Top: the three steps of prism adaptation procedure. (1) Baseline alignment of vision and proprioception is measured by an open-loop pointing task (i.e. pointing to a…
Large-Scaled Network Reorganization During Recovery from Partial Spinal Cord Injury
Fig. 7.1 Descending pathways from a variety of motor-related cortical areas to spinal motoneurons and location of lesions made in the previous studies. Connection from the midline-crossing axons from the…
Effects of Successful Experience and Positive Feedback on Learning and Rehabilitation
Fig. 15.1 Explanation of the 2 × 10 task. In this task, 2 out of 16 (4 × 4 matrix) LED buttons (set) were illuminated simultaneously and participants had to press these buttons in…
Practical Noninvasive Brain–Machine Interface System for Communication and Control
Fig. 2.1 Diagram of a BMI system for environmental control and communication (modified from Kansaku [11]) We constructed a prototype of the BMI-based environmental control system. For the visual stimuli,…
Reconstruction and Tuning of Neural Circuits for Locomotion After Spinal Cord Injury
Fig. 8.1 Two methodologies for intervention in spinal cord injury. There are molecular approaches (left) and electrophysiological approaches (right) for analyzing and biological processes after SCI and providing therapeutic intervention…
Motor Control of the Hand Before and After Stroke
Fig. 14.1 A taxonomy of hand functions spanning a spectrum from precision to stability Historically, the ability to control each digit individually while keeping other digits immobile has been used…
Theoretical Basis for Closed-Loop Stimulation as a Therapeutic Approach to Brain Injury
Fig. 6.1 Interaction of central nervous system (CNS) injury, CNS structure/function, and behavioral experience. While it is well known that after CNS injury, such as might occur in stroke or…
