and H. Alan Crockard1 (1) Department of Surgical Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, England Lesions placed anterior to the neuraxis are best approached anteriorly to minimize traction and…
Fig. 40.1 (a, b) Posterior cervical anatomy Fig. 40.2 (a, b) The vertebral artery is found 3 cm away from the midline on the lateral trajectory to the C1 posterior…
(1) Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan The trans-11th rib extrapleural approach is less traumatic to the respiratory system1 and has the advantage that a patient does not…
(1) Marina Spine Center, Marina del Rey, CA, USA 1. Place the patient in the lateral decubitus position. Approach from the convexity of the scoliosis or from the left…
(1) Marina Spine Center, Marina del Rey, CA, USA 1. For the left retroperitoneal approach to L5-S1, place the patient in the right lateral decubitus position held by either…
(1) Cedars-Sinai Spine Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA Anterior exposure of the cervicothoracic spine (C7 to T2) presents a significant challenge because of the limited access afforded by anatomical…
Fig. 43.1 (a) Patient in sitting position with a compatible Mayfield being put in place; (b) tubular retractor system including sequential dilators; (c) working channel (retractor); (d) table-mounted flexible retractor…
(1) Marina Spine Center, Marina del Rey, CA, USA The 3rd rib resection is used for the transthoracic approach to the T1–T4 area. Resection of the 3rd rib allows…
(1) Marina del Rey, CA, USA Deceased For female patients, and for males of slender build, the transaxillary transthoracic approach is an alternative to the posterior parascapular approach to…
(1) Marina Spine Center, Marina del Rey, CA, USA The anterior lateral approach is medial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and lateral to the carotid sheath. For approaches to C1,…
