Acute Spinal Cord Syndromes: Evolution of Symptoms
The common mechanism in the patient with a potentially reversible condition is the presence of a mass lesion that has reached a critical size. Because the spinal cord lies within…
Optic Nerve Appearance
The upper and lower visual fields are also topographically mapped onto the lateral geniculate body and visual cortex. The upper field is represented in the lateral parts of the lateral…
Corticospinal (Pyramidal) System: Motor Component
The direct motor component of the pyramidal tract runs from the precentral gyrus through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and into the midbrain, where it gives slips to…
Control of Eye Movements
The medial and lateral rectus muscles move the eyeball horizontally, causing the cornea to look medially or laterally. The actions of the superior and inferior rectus muscles and those of…
Incomplete Spinal Cord Syndromes
AUTONOMIC IMPAIRMENT In addition to its somatic components, the spinal cord also contains autonomic nerve fibers, carried in the intermediolateral columns. A lesion at any level may cause sphincter dysfunction….
Pathway of Sound Reception
DISORDERS OF THE VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE AND SYSTEM Vestibular Ménière disease is an idiopathic process characterized by bouts of episodic vertigo, fluctuating but eventually progressive sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, and a…
Anatomy of Taste Buds and Their Receptors
Each taste bud consists of up to 100 polarized neuroepithelial cells that form “islands” of columnar pseudostratified cells embedded in the epithelium. Each bud has a central taste pore through…
Canalith Repositioning (Epley Maneuver)
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Trigeminal Nuclei: Central and Peripheral Connections
The mandibular nerve (V3) is the largest branch of the trigeminal nerve and consists of a large sensory root and a small trigeminal motor root. The sensory portion innervates the…
Retinal Projections to Thalamus, Midbrain, and Brainstem
CHIASMAL AND POSTCHIASMAL NEUROLOGIC DEFICITS Lesions at the optic chiasm will result in bitemporal hemianopsia, caused by damage to the fibers from the nasal segment of both retinas. Interruption of…
