Vagus (X) Nerve
The dorsal vagal nucleus is a mixed nucleus that represents fused visceral afferent and efferent columns of neurons. It consists of a longitudinal column of cells lying beneath the vagal…
Vestibulospinal Tracts
The known output pathways from the vestibular nuclei include projections to the spinal cord, oculomotor nuclei, cerebellum and reticular formation. Vestibular activity also reaches the thalamus, superior colliculus and other…
Vagus Nerve Branches and Disorders
Below its inferior ganglion, the vagus nerve descends within a homolateral carotid sheath, shared with the internal jugular vein and carotid artery, to the thoracic inlet. The vagus nerve intercommunicates…
Neurocritical Care and Management: Decompressive Craniectomy
Hyperventilation can rapidly decrease ICP by causing vasoconstriction and reducing intracranial blood volume. Prolonged prophylactic hyperventilation was previously a mainstay of ICP management but has been found to worsen outcome,…
Neurocritical Care and Management after Traumatic Brain Injury: Devices for Monitoring Intracranial Pressure
The first priority in severe TBI is to establish complete and rapid physiologic resuscitation, which includes a secure airway and maintenance of O2 saturation of greater than 90% and arterial…
Initial Assessment and Management of Head Injury
Hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg) may increase mortality markedly after head injury. Lactated Ringer solution or normal saline are the resuscitation fluids of choice. Glucose solutions should…
Glasgow Coma Score
The GCS evaluates three independent neurologic responses: eye opening, motor response, and verbal response All parameters may be significantly affected by systemic factors such as severe hypotension or significant drug/alcohol…
Vascular Injury
The carotid artery enters the cavernous sinus as it exits the foramen lacerum at the base of the skull. It then rises toward the posterior clinoid process before acutely turning…
CT Scans and MR Images of Intracranial Hematomas
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